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Assessment – Macronutrient Needs and Oral Intake
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) are at times used interchangeably; however, these terms refer to different values. Both are measured in a fasted state; however, BMR refers to the metabolic rate measured immediately after waking in the morning or prior to any energy expenditure, whereas RMR is more practical as it allows some light movement (dressing or walking) prior to measurement.1 BMR and RMR values are quite similar, although RMR tends to be slightly higher.1 Several factors affect RMR including sex, age, body size, and body composition, leading to differences between populations. For example, RMR tends to be lower in both females and the elderly.1 Because of the difficulty in measurement, most studies regarding macronutrient metabolism include data in a resting state rather than a basal state.1
Motorsports
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Indirect calorimetry also is used to determine the driver’s resting metabolic rate (RMR) and efficiency at rest. Having fasted for 4 h, the driver lies down and rests for 30 min whilst the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced are measured. These data are used to determine their caloric energy requirements and efficiency at rest. The results of this analysis can then be used to create a bespoke nutrition strategy tailored to the driver’s metabolism, providing vital information to manipulate the diet of the driver when targeting a new racing weight.
The Role of Physical Activity in the Development of Childhood Obesity *
Published in Ronald R. Watson, Marianne Eisinger, Exercise and Disease, 2020
Michael I. Goran, Eric T. Poehlman
Although the pathogenesis of obesity remains elusive, the condition must be the end result of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Energy intake is the caloric content of food that is consumed and absorbed into the body. When there is no change in body energy stores, total daily energy intake is equivalent to total daily energy expenditure. Total daily energy expenditure is composed of three components: resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and energy expenditure associated with physical activity. The resting metabolic rate constitutes about 60% of daily energy expenditure, and is the caloric cost of metabolic processes required to sustain physiological function. The resting metabolic rate is primarily body-size dependent, and is most significantly correlated with lean body mass.8 The thermic effect of food is the caloric cost of digestion and mobilization of food, comprising about 10% of daily energy expenditure.9 The energy expenditure associated with physical activity is the most variable component, and has been shown to range from between 30 and 80% of daily energy expenditure in sedentary women10 and Tour de France cyclists,11 respectively, and from between 10 and 43% of total energy expenditure in a group of healthy, free-living elderly persons.12 In children, the energy expenditure required for growth is significant only during early infancy and adolescence, and in young growing children only accounts for about 2% of daily energy expenditure.13
Diastolic function and cardiovascular risk among patients with severe obesity referred to a lifestyle-program – a pilot study
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2023
Line M. Oldervoll, Rolf Gjestad, Christina Hilmarsen C, Anders Ose, Lisbeth Gullikstad, Ulrik Wisløff, Baard Kulseng, Jostein Grimsmo
The weight-loss program included physical activity, dietary sessions and BCT on five weekdays during each stay. The physical activity part included two hours of theory in plenary and 31 h of practical focusing on being physically active through endurance and strength exercise. Dietary advice was offered in a one-hour lecture and four hours of group work, focussing on calories and nutrition, two hours of examining the ingredients and nutrition of groceries, and four hours of cooking. Dietary sessions focussed on planning and preparing meals and ways to modify eating behaviour. Personalised meal plans and dietary advice targeted a calorie reduction of approximately 600 Kilocalories a day. Individual calorie restricted diets were based on the given estimate for resting metabolic rate. BCT included three hours of plenary sessions, four hours group work and individual sessions. BCT was aimed at goal setting and increased awareness of maladaptive cognitions that contribute to the maintenance of emotional distress and problematic eating behaviour [17]. Topics covered were expectations towards attending the weight-loss program, motivation and conflicting interests, excuses, compensatory strategies and foundation for change.
Increasing the diversity of dietary fibers in a daily-consumed bread modifies gut microbiota and metabolic profile in subjects at cardiometabolic risk
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Harimalala Ranaivo, Florence Thirion, Christel Béra-Maillet, Susie Guilly, Chantal Simon, Monique Sothier, Laurie Van Den Berghe, Nathalie Feugier-Favier, Stéphanie Lambert-Porcheron, Isabelle Dussous, Loïc Roger, Hugo Roume, Nathalie Galleron, Nicolas Pons, Emmanuelle Le Chatelier, Stanislav Dusko Ehrlich, Martine Laville, Joël Doré, Julie-Anne Nazare
On metabolic assessment days, subjects arrived at CRNH-RA after an 8 h overnight fast following the ingestion of a standard low dietary fiber evening meal (one serving of lean meat or fish, rice, a dairy product and fruit compote). Body weight, fat mass percentage, height, and waist circumference were measured using standardized methodologies with a calibrated weighing scale, a Bodystat Quadscan 4000 (BQ4000; Bodystat Ltd. Douglas, UK) stadiometer and non-elastic tape, respectively. BMI was calculated as weight/height2. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry using a QUARK calorimeter (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Subjects were served a breakfast at T0 (the study product (multi-fiber or control bread), hot drink, jam, and butter) and a standardized challenge test meal at T240. Fasting and postprandial blood (T0, T15 T30 T45 T60 T90 T120 T180 T210 T240 T255 T270 T300 T330 T360 T390 T420) were collected using an antecubital vein catheter.
Efficacy of L-Leucine Supplementation Coupled with a Calorie-Restricted Diet to Promote Weight Loss in Mid-Life Women
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
LesLee Funderburk, Jeffery Heileson, Matthew Peterson, Darryn S. Willoughby
This study evaluated the effect of leucine supplementation coupled with a calorie-restricted diet over a 12-week period in mid-life overweight and obese women on body composition and RMR. During this stage of life, it is crucial that women undergoing purposeful weight loss known to ameliorate many negative health conditions (4), prevent lean mass loss (7,10). Both groups lost a statistically significant amount of weight from fat and lean mass, but there was no significant difference between groups. Resting metabolic rate remained unchanged over the course of the study and was also not significantly different between groups. Since the total amount of lean mass loss was rather small, between −1.31 ± 0.38 kg (PLC) and −0.53 ± 0.45 kg (LEU), this finding was not surprising. A relatively large difference in lean mass is necessary, approximately 10 kg, to cause a 100 kcal/day difference in energy expenditure (35).