China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Osteitis of the Temporal Bone
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Christopher P Aldren, Doris-Eva Bamiou, Raymond W Clarke, Richard M Irving, Haytham Kubba, Shakeel R Saeed, Paediatrics, The Ear, Skull Base, 2018
Cheka R. Spencer, Peter Monksfield
Fungal infections are more commonly associated with the immunocompromised (e.g. HIV/AIDS) than with diabetics. In contrast to pseudomonal skull base osteomyelitis, these originate more often in the middle ear or mastoid. Aspergillus fumigatus, is the most common fungal organism isolated. It is associated with a worse prognosis than Pseudomonas when it is the causative agent. Others include Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida sp., Malassezia sympodialis and Scedosporium apiospermum.5–7,9,12–15,17
Clinical Aspects and Differential Diagnosis of Atopic Dermatitis
Published in Donald Rudikoff, Steven R. Cohen, Noah Scheinfeld, Atopic Dermatitis and Eczematous Disorders, 2014
Donald Rudikoff, Diana Lee, Steven R. Cohen
In this late phase, the major features are pruritus, papulation, scaling, and lichenification usually involving the forehead, eyelids, upper lip (Figs 3.34–3.36), flexures of the neck, arms and legs, and the upper trunk (Fig 3.37). Dry, thick, extremely pruritic lichenified lesions are characteristic and prurigo nodules may sometimes be seen (Fig 3.37C). Poorly demarcated, these lichenified plaques range in color from a bright pinkish-red to a tannish-brown or grayish-brown in white people (Fig 3.38). Patients with darker skins may exhibit hyper- and hypopigmentation, as well as focal areas of depigmentation. Generalized xerosis is the rule with variable involvement of extensor surfaces and hands. Older patients may also have extensive head and neck involvement purportedly caused by exposure to aeroallergens and colonization by Malassezia sympodialis yeast forms.
Molecular Mycology and Emerging Fungal Pathogens
Published in Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr, Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
Man and other warm-blooded vertebrates share their skin with basidiomycetous yeasts that are part of the normal flora. These fungi can produce cutaneous disease in some individuals. The factors that lead to disease are not completely known, though immunological mechanisms are suspected. The association between pityriasis versicolor and a cutaneous fungus was first noted in 1846 (27). Malassez described yeasts associated with dandruff in 1874. Later investigators named these species Pityrosporum ovale and Pityrosporum orbiculare, but these organisms were later considered to be the same fungus, and thus were designated Malassezia furfur. M. furfur has been linked to rare episodes of invasive disease, such as catheter infections in infants receiving intravenous lipid emulsions. In 1992, there were three known species in the Malassezia genus, including M. furfur, Malassezia sympodialis, and Malassezia pachydermatis (28). M. furfurand M. sympodialis are lipophilic yeasts that colonize human skin. M. pachydermatis does not require lipid for growth and colonizes other warm-blooded animals such as dogs and rhinoceroses. In 1996, four additional species were added to the genus based on differences in morphology, ultrastructure, physiology, and rRNA sequence (29). These new species were Malassezia globosa, Malassezia obtusa, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia slooffiae. Subsequently, investigators have proposed adding several additional species to the genus, including Malassezia japonica, Malassezia yamotoensis, Malassezia nana, and Malassezia dermatis (30–33).
Precision medicine in the allergy clinic: the application of component resolved diagnosis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Carmen Panaitescu, Laura Haidar, Maria Roxana Buzan, Manuela Grijincu, Daniela Elena Spanu, Catalina Cojanu, Alexandru Laculiceanu, Roxana Bumbacea, Ioana Agache
In a study evaluating AD patients from the Mediterranean area Ole o 9 (β-1,3-glucanase from olive tree pollen) and Asp f 6 (manganese superoxide dismutase) were the allergens most significantly associated with AD in older patients, while Gal d 1 sensitization was more prevalent in children [185,186]. However, this may vary in other regions. IgE hyper-reactivity was observed to cypress, grasses, HDM (including Der p 11), Alt a 1 (Alternaria) and Mala s 11 (Manganese superoxide dismutase, Malassezia sympodialis) and all cross-reactive components except profilin and polcalcin. A high sensitization rate was also reported to PR-10 proteins, beta-expansins, molecular components of NPC2 family, and uteroglobin. Sensitization to nsLTPs was observed in approximately 60% of adults with severe AD. Sensitization to Mala s 6, Mala s 11, Sac c, Asp f 6, Cla h and Cla h 8 correlated with the severity of atopic dermatitis [187]. Among food allergens, only sensitization to Cra c 6 (troponin C from North Sea shrimp) and Pen m 2 (arginine kinase from shrimp) seems related to AD severity [188].
Microbial and metabolic features associated with outcome of infliximab therapy in pediatric Crohn’s disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yizhong Wang, Xuefeng Gao, Xinyue Zhang, Fangfei Xiao, Hui Hu, Xiaolu Li, Fang Dong, Mingming Sun, Yongmei Xiao, Ting Ge, Dan Li, Guangjun Yu, Zhanju Liu, Ting Zhang
In addition to gut bacteria, mycobiota analysis revealed that two fungal genera were potentially associated with the IFX response. A lower relative abundance of Chaetomium and a higher abundance of Malassezia were identified in the SR patients after IFX treatment. Malassezia genus has recently been associated with IBD. For example, Malassezia restricta was found to be enriched in the mucosa of CD patients, which may exacerbate colitis via producing inflammatory factors including TNF-α and IL-8.51Malassezia sympodialis has been found with a decreased abundance in flare status of CD patients6 and increased in those with remission.52 Identifying specific species of Malassezia may further our understanding of their roles in CD and associations with response to IFX.
Interactions among the mycobiome, bacteriome, inflammation, and diet in people living with HIV
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
María José Gosalbes, Nuria Jimenéz-Hernandéz, Elena Moreno, Alejandro Artacho, Xavier Pons, Sonia Ruíz-Pérez, Beatriz Navia, Vicente Estrada, Mónica Manzano, Alba Talavera-Rodriguez, Nadia Madrid, Alejandro Vallejo, Laura Luna, José A. Pérez-Molina, Santiago Moreno, Sergio Serrano-Villar
Following the pattern showed in previous studies,19–22 in our analysis the bacteriome showed differences associated to HIV infection (Figure S3). Prevotella genus appeared as the major biomarker among PWH, while Bacteroides was significantly more abundant in controls (Figure S4). Then, we assessed in PWH and healthy controls the relationships between fungal (hereinafter, ASV-myco) and bacterial (hereinafter, ASV-bacte) taxa applying a multivariate sPLS analysis. In the HIV-associated mycobiome, we detected two clusters with high correlation coefficients, most of them direct correlations (Figure 4, Figure S5, Table S2). We found that Candida genus is highly correlated with the bacteriome, being C. sake (ASV−myco−0058, ASV−myco−0036) and C. zeylanoides presented the strongest correlations (r = 0.83, r = 0.81, and r = 0.80, respectively) with Faecalibacterium CM04-06. P. kluyveri and Wickerhamomyces onychis (also named as Pichia onychis) strongly correlated with Faecalibacterium genus (r = 0.69 and r = 0.74, respectively). In the other cluster (Figure 4), Torulospora delbrueckii, Malassezia sympodialis, and Exophiala dermatitis correlated with Dialister and a member of Ruminococcaceae family. Moreover, the mold Aspergillus candidus also showed a relation with Ruminococcaceae family. The PWH biomarkers showed weak correlations with the bacteriome (Figure S5, Table S2). Interestingly, clear mycobiome–bacteriome interactions were found in healthy controls (Figure S6, Table S3) and six fungal biomarkers strongly correlated with bacterial components, including Oscillibacter, Subdoligranulum, Lachnoclostridium, and Bacteroides uniformi.