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Fenugreek in Management of Immunological, Infectious, and Malignant Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Rohini Pujari, Prasad Thakurdesai
Malassezia spp. (especially Malassezia furfur) are the yeasts capable of causing cutaneous ailments such as seborrheic dermatitis, resulting in increased cell turnover, scaling, and inflammation in the epidermis, called dandruff (Saunte, Gaitanis, and Hay 2020). Recently, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fenugreek leaves exhibited potent antifungal activity against clinical isolate and commercial strain of M. furfur, along with other pathogenic fungi such as C. albicans and Aspergillus niger (Kulkarni et al. 2019). In the same study, the gel formulation prepared from 30% aqueous fenugreek leaf extract showed a protective effect against M. furfur infections in New Zealand rabbits (Kulkarni et al. 2019). Thus, the topical gel formulation containing fenugreek leaf aqueous extract can provide effective and safe herbal treatment for various cutaneous fungal infections, including dandruff (Kulkarni et al. 2019).
Malassezia
Published in Rossana de Aguiar Cordeiro, Pocket Guide to Mycological Diagnosis, 2019
Reginaldo Gonçalves de Lima-Neto, Danielle Patrícia Cerqueira Macêdo, Ana Maria Rabelo de Carvalho, Carolina Maria da Silva, Rejane Pereira Neves
The most frequent clinical manifestation of Malassezia skin infections is pityriasis versicolor—revealed by characteristic hypo- or hyperpigmented plaques with moderate or absent inflammation—due to alterations in the function of melanocytes. Pityriasis versicolor commonly affects the face and trunk, with scaling dermatosis generally being restricted to the outermost layers of the stratum corneum. The lesions may become chronic, and are more detectable during the summer. They are more common in adolescents and young adults. In some cases, pityriasis versicolor can be accompanied hyperkeratosis and acanthosis, as verified by histological examination (Hurwitz, 1981; Marcon and Powell, 1992; Lacaz et al., 2002).
Dermatophytosis
Published in Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, John R. Perfect, Antifungal Therapy, 2019
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Iman Salem, Nancy Isham
Tinea versicolor does not clear spontaneously and alterations in pigment may take years to normalize despite treatment. Due to the organism’s lipophilic nature, patients are instructed to avoid oils applied to the skin or bath. For eradication of the Malassezia, both topical and oral medications have been found to be effective. Topical treatments include azole antifungal agents, terbinafine, and selenium sulfide preparations. Various dosing regimens have been suggested. Possible regimens include azole creams daily for 1–2 weeks, ketoconazole 2% shampoo daily for one week, or selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo daily (left on the skin for 3–5 minutes and then rinsed off) for 7 days. Oral therapy may be preferred in patients with extensive skin involvement or frequent recurrences. Ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole are the three main oral therapies used. Recommended dosing regimens include ketoconazole 400 mg once, itraconazole 200 mg daily for 5–7 days, or fluconazole 400 mg once or 300 mg weekly for 2 weeks [47]. Oral terbinafine and griseofulvin are ineffective in the treatment of tinea versicolor. Periodic retreatment or prophylactic treatment; for example, ketoconazole shampoo or selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo once weekly, may be needed due to tinea versicolor’s high recurrence rate reaching up to 80% after 2 years [45].
The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Di Zhang, Ying Wang, Sunan Shen, Yayi Hou, Yugen Chen, Tingting Wang
Malassezia, the main mycobiota in the skin, can cause different skin infections. Pityriasis versicolor is a form of skin tinea that has a definite connection with Malassezia.108 The hyphae of Malassezia invades the skin, and its metabolites form small-scale pigmented plaques in lipid spills. Balaji and colleagues109 detected that cross-reactivity between fungal thioredoxin and human thioredoxin may related to the inflammation in the patients with atopic dermatitis. In addition, Malassezia also contributes to dandruff110 and folliculitis,111which bring stubborn trouble to the patient. Candida can also cause skin infection, named chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC),112 marked with the deficiency of IL-17. In the patient’s body, mutations in STAT1 prevent T cells from differentiating into Th17 cells and thus fail to secrete immune effectors such as IL-17, which are the key to skin resistance to Candida infection.65,68,113 Moreover, patients with autoimmune disease produce antibodies to IL-17, which impair immunity and can also trigger CMC.62
Preliminary study of the oral mycobiome of children with and without dental caries
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Jacquelyn M. Fechney, Gina V. Browne, Neeta Prabhu, Laszlo Irinyi, Wieland Meyer, Toby Hughes, Michelle Bockmann, Grant Townsend, Hanieh Salehi, Christina J. Adler
Many of the fungi identified as a core of the childhood oral mycobiome are ubiquitous in the external environment and it is not unusual that they have been isolated from the oral cavity. For example, Alternaria and Cladosporium species have both been isolated from the airways and have been identified as a common airborne allergen associated with asthma [52,53]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly referred to as Baker’s yeasts and are frequently found as a harmless, transient fungus in the oral cavity and digestive tract [54]. Rhodotorula species are widespread environmental fungi but are known to be opportunistic pathogens frequently responsible for a number of infections, including infections during catheterisation, and in cases of endocarditis and peritonitis [55]. Malassezia have been identified as normal commensals of the skin, but are also known to be pathogens, responsible for an array of cutaneous diseases [56]. M. globosa has been identified in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis, and one of the main pathways for microorganisms to reach the airway is via the mouth [57].
Narrow-band UV-B phototherapy: an effective and reliable treatment alternative for extensive and recurrent pityriasis versicolor
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Ali Balevi, Pelin Üstüner, Sümeyye A. Kakşi, Mustafa Özdemir
Malassezia furfur produces an indole alkaloid pityriacitrin which has the ability to protect this fungus against UV exposure and renders M. furfur more resistant to sun exposure (12). We have not been able to serotype Malassezia in our patients. Malassezia globosa was found to be the predominant PV isolate in Turkey (13,14). In a more recent PV study in Turkey, M. furfur was isolated in 75% of patients, followed by M. globosa (25%) (15). Twenty percent of the our patients did not respond well enough to narrow-band UV-B treatment. We think that Malassezia subspecies, which can develop UV filtration in patients with poor response to treatment, may be the factor. However, these poor responder patients were to have less severe disease as their mean clinical baseline score.