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Thermography by Specialty
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Obstruction or destruction of the lymphatic channels may lead to the condition of lymphedema, an accumulation of normal, non-infected lymph fluid within the tissues distal to the lymph blockage creating a swollen limb. Surgical disruption of lymph vessels or removal of lymph nodes is the major cause of lymphedema in developed countries (Figure 11.44). Lymphedema can be classified as mild (10%–20%), moderate (20%–40%), or severe (>40%), referring to the percentage of increase in limb volume. In mild and moderate cases, the involved limb is diffusely warmer than contralateral by up to 2°C (3.6°F), though this increase may not be present in the case of decreased arterial inflow. Also, as lymphedema becomes severe, skin warming may not be present due to decreased muscular activity, soft tissue degeneration, skin fibrosis, and deposition of dysfunctional subdermal fat in the affected limb.198
Lymphstasis, Inflammation and Atherogenesis – Connecting the Dots
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
So, we can see how important it is to create a lifestyle that incorporates exercise, stress modification and diet. Exercise is essential for the movement of lymph fluid. Deep breathing, muscular contraction, arterial pulsation and gravity are all important factors for getting the lymph to the liver via the venous system. Stress modification controls the release of cortisol and epinephrine, both of which cause lymphatic constriction and sclerosis. Meditation, yoga, tai chi and Eastern exercise activities all help massage the internal organs and create proper lymphatic function.37–39
Lymphatic anatomy: microanatomy and physiology
Published in Charles F. Levenback, Ate G.J. van der Zee, Robert L. Coleman, Clinical Lymphatic Mapping in Gynecologic Cancers, 2022
Erin K. Crane, Charles F. Levenback
In general, lymph fluid is clear and colorless, resembling diluted plasma. The volume, rate of flow, and composition of lymph vary with site and activity. The rate of lymphatic flow is of particular clinical interest in sentinel node mapping and has been characterized in various studies by employing lymphoscintigraphy. In lymphoscintigraphy, a tagged colloid is imaged as it transits through lymphatics. Lymphatic flow varies based on tissue type; for example, lymph travels slower in skin as compared to skeletal muscle and is cleared much faster when injected intradermally versus subcutaneously.19 In conditions such as edema or lymphedema, lymphatic flow slows, whereas during exercise or inflammation flow rate increases. Anatomic location affects flow rate, with the lowest rate observed in the head and neck and the highest rate in the lower extremity.20
Drug delivery to the intestinal lymph by oral formulations
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Takayuki Yoshida, Hiroyuki Kojima, Kazuhiro Sako, Hiromu Kondo
Lymph nodes are small, oval glands that contain T cells, B cells, and macrophages (Thomas and Schudel 2015). Certain lymphatic vessels connect to a lymph node and deliver lymph fluid to the nodes that filter pathogens, viruses, and bacteria through phagocytosis or via an immune response (Fanous et al. 2007). Lymphocytes circulate through the blood and lymphatic vessels where they are trapped in lymph nodes. T cells in the cortical zone are activated by dendritic cells in the nodes, and subsequently, T cells promote antibody production by B cells in the nodular cortex and medulla of the nodes (Thomas and Schudel 2015). Therefore, lymph nodes are crucial sites for mounting and maintaining immune responses and therefore serve as the main target sites for the delivery of vaccines or immunosuppressive drugs.
Long-term outcome of lymph vessel transplantation after chronic lymphorrhea
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Cecilia Dahlbäck, Rüdiger Baumeister, Magnus Åberg, Björn Arnljots, Lieselotte Frost Arner, Håkan Brorson
In the neck region, lymph vessels draining lymph toward the left venous angle were identified to receive the lymph fluid from the arm. Temporarily, a moistened silicon tube was placed within the subcutaneous tissue between the two incisions. The grafts could then be pulled without friction from the upper arm towards the neck. After removal of the tube, the grafts were anastomosed without tension to the ascending lymphatic main collectors at the upper arm. In the neck, the central endings of the grafts were anastomosed to lymphatic collectors running towards the left venous angle. The end-to-end anastomoses were created with single stitches in the so-called tension-free technique [4]. using Vicryl 10-0 (Ethicon®, USA) and a BV 75-4 needle. With this procedure, the area of the axilla and the origin of the fistula were bypassed and the influx into the fistula was impeded while securing the lymphatic transport from the arm.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in relation to the risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Renal Failure, 2020
Wen-Man Zhao, Shu-Man Tao, Gui-Ling Liu
The lymphocyte is a kind of cell line with immune recognition function, mainly exists in the circulating lymph fluid in lymphatic vessels, and is an important cell component of the immune response function of the body. As the main enforcer of almost all the immune functions of the lymphatic system, lymphocytes are the frontline soldiers to fight against external infections and monitor the variation of cells in the body. Under stress, the release of cortisol and catecholamines in blood increases, which leads to bone marrow suppression, and thus the proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes are reverentially regulated and the apoptosis of lymphocytes is aggravated. In a state of severe inflammation, hypo-lymphocytosis may even occur. Inflammatory response leads to lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphocyte differentiation, and down-regulated proliferation, and neurohumoral activation leads to a decreased immune regulation. In addition, lymphocyte counts have been used as indicators of nutritional status, and poor nutritional status is a risk factor for all-cause mortality [3,38].