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Lingual Lipase
Published in Margit Hamosh, Lingual and Gastric Lipases: Their Role in Fat Digestion, 2020
Although gastric lipase is present in many species,163, 164, 183 recent studies clearly show that, in the rat, lingual lipase is the main nonpancreatic lipase and that gastric lipase might be present184, 187 only in trace amounts.162 The molecular cloning of genes for rat lingual lipase and their expression in yeast has recently been achieved.188 The homology between lingual and gastric lipase will be discussed in the chapter on gastric lipase. The role of lingual lipase in fat digestion will be discussed at greater length in Chapter 6.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
In the rat, lipid digestion starts in the mouth. Lingual lipase is mainly produced by the demilunar cells prenatally and by serous glands postnatally. The activity increases progressively and attains the adult level around closure time.505
The digestive system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
A small amount of lingual lipase is also present, predominately in infants, and plays a role in the breakdown of dietary lipid. This enzyme is optimally active at an acidic pH and, therefore, remains active through the stomach and into the intestine.
Oral delivery of solid lipid nanoparticles: underlining the physicochemical characteristics and physiological condition affecting the lipolysis rate
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Mohammad Mahmoudian, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj, Sara Salatin, Raimar Löbenberg, Maryam Saadat, Ziba Islambulchilar, Hadi Valizadeh, Parvin Zakeri-Milani
Digestion of dietary lipid is initiated by lingual lipase, which is secreted by a serous gland in the mouth and continued in the stomach. And, 5–40% of total triacylglycerols (TAGs) are converted into free fatty acids (FFAs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), and monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by gastric lipases [72–75]. Most of the orally administered lipids are mainly hydrolyzed in the small intestine. Digestive juices of small intestine contain different types of lipases: human pancreatic lipase (HPL), colipase, carboxy ester hydrolase (CEH), Pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PPA2), two human pancreatic lipase-related proteins (HPLRP1 and HPLRP2), and endogenous biosurfactants including bile salts, and phospholipids. In the small intestine, 70–90% of TAGs are hydrolyzed into DAGs, MAGs, and FFAs by HPL. 40–70% of total TAGs are converted into two molecules of FFAs and one molecule of 2-monoglyceride (2-MG). The resulted 2-MGs are hydrolyzed by CEH and PLRP 2 to yield a third FA and glycerol [7,24,72,75]. The point that should be noticed is lipolysis occurs at the lipid-water interface of the lipids. Colipase, as a cofactor of HPL, forms a complex with HPL and facilitates its adsorption onto the surface of the lipids [7,75,76]. Colipase and colipase/lipase complex require a hydrophobic area of 1.5–5 and 9 nm2, respectively, to form a lipid–water interface binding site [76]. The resulted monoglycerides and FAs, as lipolysis products, leave the surface of the lipid droplets and form mixed micelles with endogenous biosurfactants; phospholipids, and bile salts that are secreted by the liver [24,75].
Meta-analysis on pharmacological therapies in the management of xerostomia in patients with Sjogren’s syndrome
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2019
Komali Garlapati, Anuja Kammari, Raj Kumar Badam, Surekha B. E., Mamatha Boringi, Pratima Soni
Saliva is a complex fluid that contains several organic and inorganic components, and they play an essential role in maintaining oral health. Salivary components include digestive enzymes such as lingual lipase and ptyalin, mucins, immunoglobulin A and sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride electrolytes. The normal salivary flow rate in healthy individuals is estimated to be 500–600 mL/day. Saliva is not only essential to preserve the dentition and mucosal surfaces but it also facilitates digestion, speech, chewing, swallowing, and taste. Therefore, apart from dry mouth, there are many other oral consequences of salivary gland hypofunction. There is decreased salivary flow rate of ≤1.5 mL of saliva collection during a 15-min period in patients with SS leading to xerostomia. Oral symptoms that are commonly seen in SS are dysphonia, dysphagia, stomatopyrosis (burning mouth), dysgeusia (altered taste) decay of teeth and frequent oral infections such as candidiasis and sleep disruption caused by nocturnal fluid ingestion. Though these are not life-threatening complications, the complex and chronic nature of the symptoms may lead to significant debility and a decrease in patients quality of life [1,6,8,9].
Oral mucosa grafting in periorbital reconstruction
Published in Orbit, 2018
MSG secretions are predominantly mucous or seromucinous, similar to natural tears.31,80 Mucin lubricates the ocular surface and coats the epithelium, reducing the high surface tension of the eye forming a more stable and durable wet layer. Mucins prevent evaporation of tears by forming a hydrophobic barrier along the lid margin and increase the tear film break-up time.31,68,71 High levels of antimicrobial proteins such as immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin, lysozyme, and human beta-defensin (hBD) are present in saliva and protect the ocular surface from infection. Labial MSGs are responsible for one-third of salivary IgA secretion and are the main source of Ig A in the oral cavity. IgA is immunologically active against viruses and bacteria, while lactoferrin acts as an iron chelating agent which inhibits bacterial growth. Lysozyme triggers bacterial agglutination and causes lysis of the bacterial cell wall through autolysin activation.68,80 MSGs secretions contain growth factors including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-β, which promote normal growth and differentiation of the ocular surface epithelium as well as corneal reepithelization.31,90 Saliva plays a significant role in the digestion of carbohydrates and fats and is rich in two enzymes, ptyalin, an α-amylase, and lingual lipase. Bennett 91 did not identify any deleterious effect on the ocular surface from ptyalin because of its substrate specificity to polysaccharides.