China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chest Trauma, Iatrogenic Trauma including drainage tubes and some Post-surgical Conditions and Complications of Radiotherapy.
Published in Fred W Wright, Radiology of the Chest and Related Conditions, 2022
Occasionally gas may enter the circulation through central venous or other catheters, but large amounts of IV air are usually required to produce symptoms or death. Both the amount and speed of ingression are important factors and it is suggested that 70 to 100 ml of air per second or a total of 200 ml are required to kill. Prevention should be the watchword, but if air embolism occurs, turning the patient into the left lateral decubitus position will tend to trap the gas in the right atrium until it is absorbed in solution in the blood. (Intravascular gas is also discussed on ps. 6.31 - 34).
The embryonic period
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Gastrulation and neurulation occur during the early embryonic period. Both of these processes involve cell movements, including invagination, evagination, epiboly, involution, convergence extension, migration, and ingression. Invagination is the movement of a sheet of cells into a preformed cavity. Evagination is the movement of a sheet of cells away from a preformed cavity, for example, the evaginations of the developing retinas from the lateral walls of the early forebrain. Epiboly is the spreading of cells upon a surface. Involution is the turning in of cells over a rim, for example, the involution of epiblast cells into the primitive streak. Convergence is the movement of cells toward each other. Extension is the elongation of a structure as a result of cell convergence. Migration is the movement of single cells, for example, the movement of neural crest cells throughout the developing embryo to give rise to a wide diversity of structures, such that the neural crest has been referred to as the fourth germ layer. Ingression is the movement of single cells out of a cell layer into a preformed cavity, for example, ingression of epiblast cells along the primitive streak to give rise to endoderm and mesoderm, or formation of the notochord by cells that ingress through the primitive (Hensen's) node.
Preservative efficacy testing of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries and its imitations
Published in R. M. Baird, S. F. Bloomfield, Microbial quality assurance in cosmetics, toiletries and non-sterile Pharmaceuticals, 2017
The test protocols of the two compendia are now identical (Anon. 1993a, Anon. 1993b); separate samples of the formulation are challenged with designated species of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast and mould and the viable count of each species then determined at intervals over at least 28 days. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger are used to provide a standardized challenge with resilient and pathogenic species capable of ingression both during manufacture or through repeated use and with the potential to adapt and grow in the formulation. This standardized challenge is representative of species which cause dermal and enteric infection, product degradation and spoilage. E. coli is used in the context of an enteric pathogen and is only applicable therefore to oral liquids. The designated species should be supplemented, however, with other strains which may present a particular challenge to the preparation and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is included for syrups to indicate that fermentative degradation by osmotolerant yeasts will not occur.
Setting (on) Fire: Reply to Discussions
Published in Studies in Gender and Sexuality, 2019
If this is the case, what does it mean that, following Gonzalez, “being is only ever being placed” (this issue)? What kind of being is placed without having any place from which to be? How does one protest, how does one exist, from nowhere? Perhaps plucking up a protest, pace Swartz, would not be an intervention at the level of place so much as time. Perhaps protest surfaces in the “temporality of the moment when the exits” – or the borders of a place – “are not in view” (Pandolfo, 2010, p. 38). In this case, protest could not rely on place because its ingress into the setting is the temporal assertion of a being not-yet emplaced. An “opening of the soul” that goes “beyond the paralysis of being” (Pandolfo, 2010, p. 38), an uprooting that happens sans any telic assurance of a place for it to unfold, such ingression springs from nowhere or from a now without the security of ahere.
Ultra-long silver nanowires induced mitotic abnormalities and cytokinetic failure in A549 cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Fengbang Wang, Ying Chen, Yuanyuan Wang, Yongguang Yin, Guangbo Qu, Maoyong Song, Hailin Wang
To investigate the effect of AgNWs on cytokinesis, several key regulating proteins involved in cytokinesis were analyzed using immunofluorescence and Western blots. Compared to the control, myosin IIb was highly expressed in mitotic phase in AgNWs-treated cells and not totally restricted to furrow regions in AgNW30- or AgNW50-treated cells (Figure 3(a)). Myosin IIb is a major motor protein involved in cytokinesis, and its movement along F-actin is required for furrow ingression (Pollard 2010; Fededa and Gerlich 2012). The insufficient recruitment and assembly of myosin IIb could lead to cytokinetic failure (Fededa and Gerlich 2012; Li et al. 2013; Murrell et al. 2015). As shown in Figure 3(b,c), myosin IIb and RhoA were upregulated after AgNWs treatment. RhoA GTPase has been shown both in vitro (in cell lines) and in vivo (in non-mammalian organisms) to regulate cell division, particularly during cytokinesis and abscission, when two daughter cells partition through coordinated actomyosin and microtubule machineries (Murrell et al. 2015). RhoA GTPase can diphosphorylate the myosin regulatory light chain (MLC) (Murrell et al. 2015). Moreover, cancer cells often fail at cytokinesis due to decreased phosphorylation of the myosin regulatory light chain (p-MLC), a key regulatory component of cortical contraction during division (Wu et al. 2010; Jiang et al. 2014). Here RhoA exhibited significant accumulation in A549 cells after AgNWs treatment (Figure 3(b,c)). Correspondingly, AgNWs treatment resulted in a significant increase in the p-MLC/MLC (Thr18/Ser19) ratio (Figure 3(b,d)). These results suggest that cytokinetic A549 cells have stronger contractility for the segregation of two daughter cells after AgNWs treatment.
Release mechanisms and applications of drug delivery systems for extended-release
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Shuying Wang, Renhe Liu, Yao Fu, W. John Kao
The delivery system where polymer relaxation process dominates has multiple advantages. First, since the polymer swelling process is rate-limiting, the undesirable ‘burst effect’, a common problem in diffusion-controlled system, is avoided, which is beneficial for extended application. Second, the release rate depends on the ingression of external agents instead of the incorporated drug diffusivity, so there is no need to re-engineer the device for different types of incorporated drugs to achieve the same prolonged release profile.