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Medicinal Plants for Eczema
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Within eczema patients, there is an increase in histamine production, which leads to an intolerable itching sensation (Buddenkotte, Maurer, and Steinhoff, 2010). This biogenic amine is synthesized during the decarboxylation of histidine when this amino acid is exposed to histidine decarboxylase (1-histidine decarboxylase EC 4.1.1.22) (Castells, 2006; Abe et al., 1993). Once synthesized, the histamine is stored in secretory granules within mature mast cells and basophils, along with other mediators such as proteoglycan heparin and chondroitin sulfate E (Castells, 2006; Abe et al., 1993; Hogan and Schwartz, 1997).
Mast Cell Mediators and their Effect on Airway Smooth Muscle
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
Histamine and serotonin are biogenic amines found in mast cells. Since only histamine is found in human mast cells, we will focus on histamine alone. Histamine is formed by the action of histidine decarboxylase on histidine and is stored in the granules of mast cells. We found that human lung contains an average of 10 μg of histamine per gram wet weight. In passively sensitized, antigen-challenged lung in vitro, an average 20% of total histamine is released within 5 min. Thus, 2 μg of histamine is released into the limited area of the interstitial space, an event predictably producing local histamine concentrations of more than 10 μM. Histamine concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is very low in nonatopic normal subjects, but is elevated in allergic asthmatics by about tenfold.16,28 Thus, histamine is present in sufficient amounts in human lung tissue to affect a number of lung functions.
Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Histamine is synthesized and stored mainly in mast cells. To a lesser extent, it is also formed from histidine by the action of histidine decarboxylase277,403 (Figure 7). In the blood, the basophils are the predominant carriers of histamine, localized in cytoplasmic granules.522 Mast cells and basophils also contain heparin. Histamine is bound to heparin by electrostatic forces through carboxylic groups and form a protein complex within these granules.465 The major routes of metabolism involve methylation and oxidation,404,523 and in man, the major metabolic route is ring A-methylation. Aspirin was found to inhibit imidazole acetic acid conjugation in therapeutic doses.34
The clinical relationship between histamine-1 receptor antagonists and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Elham Bakhtiari, Nasrin Moazzen, Amir Amirabadi, Hamid Ahanchian
Wide variety of mammalian cells express histamine receptor 1. One of these cells are cluster of differentiation 4+ T helper1 (Th1) lymphocytes. It predominantly expresses in H1 receptor (H1R), while H2 receptor (H2R) expresses more in CD4 + T helper2 lymphocytes. Effect of histamine in H1R is enhancing Th1- type response. However, attenuating of both Th1 and Th2 type responses will occur by H2R [29]. Natural killer cells produce high amounts of interferon gamma (IFN-ν) after recognizing malignant cells; augmenting Th1 type, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte response [30]. One suggestion may be suppressing Th1 response by antagonizing H1R and attenuating anti-cancer activity of natural killer (NK) cells [30]. Another possible pathway, which may involve histamine in carcinogenesis, is enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of proangiogenic cytokines. It can be due to overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) pathway and enhanced activity of histidine decarboxylase [31,32]. Some studies exhibit higher concentration of histamine and histidine decarboxylase in breast cancer tissue [33].
A new immunohistochemical method to evaluate the development of vestibular compensation after unilateral labyrinthectomy in rats
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2019
Kazunori Matsuda, Tadashi Kitahara, Taeko Ito, Munehisa Fukushima, Junya Fukuda, Go Sato, Yoshiaki Kitamura, Koji Abe, Atsuhiko Uno, Koichi Tomita, Hiromi Sakata-Haga, Yoshihiro Fukui, Noriaki Takeda
Histamine plays an important role in the processing of sensory information in the vestibular nuclei, the control of vestibular functions and the recovery process following vestibular lesion [14]. In rats, both histamine H1 and H2 receptors are expressed in the vestibular nucleus [15]. It was reported that H2 and/or H1 receptors mediate the excitatory effect of histamine on the medial vestibular nucleus neurons both in vivo and in vitro [16]. It was also reported that Na+–Ca2+ exchangers coupled to H1 receptors and hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels linked to H2 receptors co-mediate the postsynaptic excitatory action of histamine on MVe [17]. H3 receptors are located at presynaptic sites on histamine afferent fibers reaching the vestibular nuclei [18]. Blockade of presynaptic H3 receptors with their antagonist increases the release of histamine, which in turn increased the neural activities in vestibular nucleus [19]. It is suggested that thioperamide-induced release of histamine increased vestibular nucleus activity to restore the spontaneous activity of the ipsi-MVe, resulting in the acceleration of the late process of VC. In cats, it was also reported that thioperamide accelerates the development of VC, suggesting the involvement of thioperamide-induced long-term changes in the expression of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mRNA in the tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) [9]. Moreover, blockade of the histamine H3 receptors may additionally release other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, acetylcholine and GABA, which play a role in VC [20].
A pilot study of differential gene expressions in patients with cough variant asthma and classic bronchial asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Guanghong Zhou, Qingcui Zeng, Wei Wei, Hong Teng, Chuntao Liu, Zhongwei Zhou, Binmiao Liang, Huaicong Long
After candidate gene screening and validation, we found that the expression of three genes, IL4, FCER1A and HDC, was upregulated in the CVA group compared with the HC and CA groups. This finding indicated that some genes, such as IL4, FCER1A and HDC, may be related to the process of transformation from CVA to asthma. These three genes were closely related to asthma. The IL4 gene is located at 5q31.1, which is in a susceptibility region for asthma. Interleukin-4, the genetic product of IL4, causes naive CD4+ T cells to highly express STAT6 and GATA3 and differentiate into Th2 cells, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma (15). FCER1A encodes the alpha subunit of IgE receptors, which also plays a central role in asthma. Candidate gene studies and GWAS showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FCER1A were major genetic determinants of IgE levels (16–19). HDC encodes l-histidine decarboxylase, which can catalyze histidine to histamine. Histamine is a major component participating in the pathophysiology of asthma. Ohtsu et al. (20) found that tissues from HDC-deficient mice lacked histamine-synthesizing activity and that the numbers of mast cells were decreased. Many researchers agree that HDC is closely related to asthma (21). To the best of our knowledge, we first found that IL4, FCER1A and HDC were highly related to CVA. However, these genes were not highly expressed in the CA group in our study, which was not consistent with previous studies. The endotypes of asthma can be divided into the ‘Th2-high’ and ‘Th2-low’ subtypes; they are relatively stable subgroups and can be defined by underlying distinct genetic or molecular characteristics (22). The Th2-high subtype occurs in many but not all patients (23).In the early stage of asthma, its gene expression may be up-regulated. Furthermore, a small sample size may result in errors. Therefore, we speculated that the differences between subtypes (CVA and CA) and the sample size could explain the results.