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Oral Health
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Ana Moura Teles, José Manuel Cabeda
In the lumen of the oral cavity, most immunological components are contained in the saliva, reaching it directly during its production in the various salivary glands, or via the gingival crevicular fluid. Accordingly, saliva may contain immunoglobulins (mostly dimeric IgA), complement’ factors, neutrophils, macrophages, lysozyme, histatins, mucins, and even leucocytes (Schenkels et al. 1995).
Host–Biofilm Interactions at Mucosal Surfaces and Implications in Human Health
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Nityasri Venkiteswaran, Kassapa Ellepola, Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Yuan Kun Lee, Kia Joo Puan, Siew Cheng Wong
Histatins belong to a family of small histidine-rich peptides. They are produced by the salivary glands (submandibular, sublingual, parotid glands) and von Ebner’s gland at the back of the tongue. Histatins exert antifungal and antibacterial activity, thereby playing a central role in maintaining good oral health. In humans, histatins 1, 3 and 5 have been described. Histatins 1 and 3 are encoded by two closely related genes. Among all the histatins, histatin 5 is a product processed from histatin 3 and demonstrates the most potent antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi including Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and C. albicans. The exact mode of action of histatins in killing fungi is not clear. Earlier studies showed that histatin 5 interferes with Candida respiration by targeting the mitochondria [145,146]. Later studies have shown histatin 5 disrupts the Candida cell membrane by binding to the potassium ion transporter Trk1. This results in the loss of intracellular potassium and ATP leading to activation of cell death pathway [147].
Peptidomics and proteogenomics: background, challenges and future needs
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Rui Vitorino, Manisha Choudhury, Sofia Guedes, Rita Ferreira, Visith Thongboonkerd, Lakshya Sharma, Francisco Amado, Sanjeeva Srivastava
Salivary biomarkers are also used in the diagnosis of diseases such as autoimmune diseases, pathogenic diseases, and cardiovascular problems [136,145]. Salivary proteome reveals crucial biomarkers for oral and other physiological diseases [146]. Salivary biomarkers such as inflammatory proteins or acinar proteins have been detected in Sjoegren syndrome (SS), and tumor-associated markers such as Cyfra 21–1, tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), and cancer antigen CA125 have been found elevated in saliva in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) [136]. Salivary 24-mer zinc finger peptide ZNF510 was identified as a biomarker for OSCC using MALDI-TOF technology MS [147]. The use of proteogenomics technologies has further improved the detection of biomarkers using saliva [148]. The peptidome of saliva consists of six classes of structurally related proteins, of which statherin plays an important role in calcium modulation, histatins have antifungal properties, acidic proline-rich proteins (aPRPs) play an active role in calcium modulation, and cystatins play a role in protecting the oral cavity from pathogens [149]. Phosphorylation of salivary peptides also plays a critical role in protecting the oral cavity from pathogens.
In Vivo Efficacy of Histatin-1 in a Rabbit Animal Model
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Marko Oydanich, Seth P. Epstein, Neha Gadaria-Rathod, John J. Guers, Karen B. Fernandez, Penny A. Asbell
While many of these experimental agents were successful in healing wounds on the corneal epithelium, they do so by stimulating cellular proliferation as well as cellular migration. Therefore, the issue of potential neovascularization and inflammation secondary to topical application of the agent, has to be addressed.31 Our study showed no adverse complications while using histatin-1 on rabbits. Additionally, it should be noted that these agents are chemically synthesized and not produced naturally in the body. Histatin-1, on the other hand, is found in saliva and the lacrimal epithelium in both accessory and main lacrimal glands, as well as the conjunctival epithelium.14,32 Therefore the possibility for immune mobilization, adverse reactions, and toxicity are significantly reduced.
Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection and chronic periodontitis
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Tábata Larissa S. Pólvora, Átila Vinícius V. Nobre, Camila Tirapelli, Mário Taba, Leandro Dorigan de Macedo, Rodrigo Carvalho Santana, Bruno Pozzetto, Alan Grupioni Lourenço, Ana Carolina F. Motta
Histatin, a salivary antimicrobial peptide with powerful antifungal action, mainly against C. albicans, and effective control on oral homeostasis, is another antimicrobial peptide of great importance in the pathogenesis of oral diseases [97,98]. In vitro studies have demonstrated that histatin has the ability to eliminate C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner [99,100]. Histatin binds to fungal membrane receptors and is translocated into the cell where it targets the energized mitochondria, causing the release of ATP, calcium and magnesium, and leading to cell death (Figure 4) [77]. The first study that described the ATP efflux of C. albicans in response to histatin-5 showed that extracellular ATP, released from C. albicans by histatin-5, can activate membrane ATP receptors to cause cell death [98,101]. Although the antimicrobial activity of histatin-5 has been extensively studied, there are still few studies evaluating salivary histatin levels in HIV-1-infected subjects with oral disease [102,103], which reported lower salivary levels of histatin-5 in association with higher Candida spp colonization in HIV-1-infected patients than in noninfected patients. These results plead for a higher risk of developing candidiasis in the former population.