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Mutants as Tools for the Analytical Dissection of Cell Differentiation in Physcomitrella Patens Gametophytes
Published in R. N. Chopra, Satish C. Bhatla, Bryophyte Development: Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
If older WL-grown wild-type cultures, in which caulonemal apical cells have already differentiated, are transferred into darkness, the caulonemal apical cells continue to elongate and divide at about the same rate as in the light; the best estimate of the rate of division of caulonemal apical cells in the dark, 5.7 h, has been obtained using time-lapse video microscopy.21 Most or all of the subapical cells formed by division of caulonemal apical cells in the dark do not divide; thus, dark-grown protonemal filaments, which exhibit negative gravitropism3,12,20 and are morphologically similar (although not identical) to light-grown caulonemata, have no side branches or initials.3,12,20 At this time we do not know with certainty whether or not some chloronemal apical cells in older cultures differentiate, upon transfer to darkness, into caulonemal apical cells which by their subsequent growth contribute to the population of dark-grown filaments.
Plant Acetylcholinesterase Plays an Important Role in the Response to Environmental Stimuli
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Kosuke Yamamoto, Yoshie S. Momonoki
The plant AChE genes were identified from maize, rice, siratro, and Salicornia plants. The plant AChE gene products have ACh-hydrolyzing activities, although they belong to the GDSL lipase family, but not the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold superfamily that is phylogenetically related to cholinesterases. In the gravistimulated plant, AChE plays would be a positive regulator of shoot gravitropism and would be useful to study plant growth and development under altered gravity conditions and might lead to better understanding of plant growth in space. In the heat-stressed plant, the plant AChE would be a positive regulator of plant heat tolerance and would be useful in engineering plants with enhanced heat tolerance. Further research will be required to clarify the precise signaling pathways involved in AChE in plants. In the future, we will attempt to identify the genes related to ACh-mediated system such as a putative ACh receptor gene in plants.
Current knowledge about the impact of microgravity on the proteome
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Sebastian M. Strauch, Daniela Grimm, Thomas J. Corydon, Marcus Krüger, Johann Bauer, Michael Lebert, Petra Wise, Manfred Infanger, Peter Richter
Plants position their organs (root, stem, and leaves) with respect to the acceleration vector. One of the most prominent movement behaviors is gravitropism, by which specific structures of the cells grow into particular directions. In plant roots, the plant hormone auxin plays a major role in gravitropic downward bending of roots with respect to the gravity vector. Influx and efflux-carriers (PIN-proteins) induce a defined downward directed transport of auxin from the stem to the root tip through the center of the root and subsequently through the lateral cortex in opposite upstream direction [45,46]. Gravity leads to re-localization of certain PIN-proteins, a process in which probably PIN-protein recycling by means of clathrin-mediated endocytosis is involved [47].