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Time to ‘Couple’ Redox Biology with Exercise Immunology
Published in James N. Cobley, Gareth W. Davison, Oxidative Eustress in Exercise Physiology, 2022
Alex J. Wadley, Steven J. Coles
The development of CyTOF™ mass cytometry may be a solution to current experimental limitations. This technology has permitted high-resolution assessment of natural killer/T cell immunophenotype and functional analysis at the single-cell level (Kay, Strauss-Albee and Blish, 2016; Brodie and Tosevski, 2018). Like traditional flow cytometry, CyTOF™ mass cytometry utilises specific antibodies (labelled with metals in this instance) to detect the expression of various cellular antigens (Heck, Bishop and Ellis, 2019). Because the technology is based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a detection method, the limitations/complications associated with standard flow cytometry (e.g., spectral overlap) are ameliorated. Therefore, upwards of 50 different immunophenotypic and(or) functional molecules for a single cell may be detected simultaneously. So far protocols have been established to concurrently evaluate cytokines, transcription factors and immunophenotypic markers (Lin, Gupta and Maecker, 2015; Simoni et al., 2018). In theory, the analysis of protein/peptide markers of the intracellular redox environment (e.g., peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, glutathione) as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors implicated with oxidative and reductive stress (Bellezza et al., 2018) could easily be incorporated into CyTOF™ mass cytometry workflows.
Orders Norzivirales and Timlovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The Qβ VLPs carrying endogenous bacterial RNA were used by the extensive studies on the indispensable role of the thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) and the glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1) systems for the development and functionality of the marginal zone B cells in mice (Muri et al. 2019a, b, 2021).
VLP Vaccines
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
The Qβ VLPs carrying endogenous bacterial RNA were used by the extensive studies on the indispensable role of the thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) and the glutathione (GSH)/glutaredoxin-1 (Grx1) systems for the development and functionality of the marginal zone B cells in mice (Muri et al. 2019). It appeared that the redox capacity driving proliferation was more robust and flexible in B cells than in T cells, which might have profound implications for the therapy of B and T cell neoplasms (Muri et al. 2019).
The clinical potential of thiol redox proteomics
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
The glutaredoxin (Grx) family of oxidoreductases also play a functional role in the regulation of redox-sensitive proteins (Figure 2) [6]. Dithiol Grx’s such Grx1 and Grx2 contain a Trx motif CXXC but the family also include a number of monothiolic Grx’s (Grx3-7 containing a CXXS motif) that have been identified in the biogenesis of Fe-S clusters [21,22]. Dithiol Grx’s are thought to function in a similar manner to Trx’s reducing protein disulfides and glutathionylated proteins. However, these proteins use GSH to complete their catalytic cycle with the formation of GSSG which is subsequently reduced by glutathione reductase using NADPH+ (Figure 2).
Interleukin (IL)-33 immunobiology in asthma and airway inflammatory diseases
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Glutathione (GSH)-protein adducts are also oxidative post-translational modifications that modulate IL-33 protein levels and function (41). Glutaredoxins are enzymes that catalyze removal of protein bound GSH to keep protein thiols in a reduced state without direct antioxidant effects (41). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increases glutaredoxin-1 in macrophages resulting in activation of NF-κB by de-gluathionylation (i.e. removal of GSH adducts) via TRAF6 to result in an increase in IL-33 transcription and translation (42).
Consequences on aging process and human wellness of generation of nitrogen and oxygen species during strenuous exercise
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Francesco Sessa, Giovanni Messina, Raffaele Russo, Monica Salerno, Carlo Castruccio Castracani, Alfio Distefano, Giovanni Li Volti, Aldo E. Calogero, Rossella Cannarella, Laura M. Mongioi’, Rosita A. Condorelli, Sandro La Vignera
The antioxidant enzymatic system includes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT). Other antioxidant enzymes such as thioredoxin (TRX), glutaredoxin (GRX), and peroxiredoxin (PRX) also contribute to cellular protection against oxidation.