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Equipment maintenance and calibration standards
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
It is important to note that commercial availability does not guarantee the validity, reliability or suitability of a piece of equipment for any given purpose. In this chapter it is assumed due diligence has been performed in the acquisition of any equipment and that, if fully functional, it is fit for purpose. Furthermore, validity and reliability of a testing procedure are influenced by factors other than equipment functionality, such as user competence and biological variation. Therefore, users of all laboratories should make every effort to understand the factors that influence testing validity and reliability and, where appropriate, be able to report these variables to support data.
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The facial expression muscles are supplied by the facial (cranial VII) nerve. Their function is to control and support the structures and openings in the face, such as the eyes and mouth. In humans, their functionality serves an important role in non-verbal communication as well as aiding actions such as screwing up the eyes and chewing. The mouth is surrounded by the sphincteric orbicularis oris muscle into which merge the fibres of the buccinator, the muscle of the cheek. The buccinator contracts during chewing and serves to prevent trapping of food within the space between the gums and teeth; it also acts to raise the pressure of air expelled by musicians playing wind instruments or by whistling. The orbicularis oculi surrounds the eye and serves to function in two ways. First, fibres that surround the eye serve to screw the eye up because they are attached to the bone on the medial aspect of the orbit. Second, the palpebral fibres attach to the lateral palpebral raphe and serve to close the eye when blinking. Additional fibres are attached to the lacrimal sac and serve to dilate the sac and keep the puncta in contact with the eyeball.
Safe Thyroidectomy
Published in Madan Laxman Kapre, Thyroid Surgery, 2020
Madan Laxman Kapre, Sankar Viswanath, Rajendra Deshmukh, Neeti Kapre Gupta
There are two aspects of this: One is the issue of functionality or physiology and the other is anatomy. The altered physiology, i.e., hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, is best resolved with the help of our endocrinology colleagues and should be operated only on well-prepared euthyroid patients [15]. Actual details of this are beyond the realm of this chapter.
Deep brain stimulation: new programming algorithms and teleprogramming
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Renato Puppi Munhoz, Ghadh Albuainain
The practical application of new developments in the field of neuromodulation, particularly DBS, for movement disorders described in this review are not only been slowly incorporated into routine patient care but also proving to be feasible and advantageous as instruments to improve therapeutic outcomes of these complex and disabling diseases and syndromes. As such, guidelines for indication, introduction of therapy, and troubleshooting techniques of treatment or disease related issues need to be continuously revisited. One of the challenges in order to take advantage of the innovations in the field is the need for in-depth learning and education from the point of view of the professionals involved. This creates another level of commitment and economic impact that should be kept in mind on all levels of health care, added by a possible increase in the number of clinical visits and need for improved structure and trained personnel. Also, this whole scenario requires the need to continuously keep realistic expectations as more sophisticated technology may falsely lead to frustration from the patients,’ caregivers’ and clinicians’ points of view. In accordance, another of the main challenges in the field over the next few years will be to measure and confirm the advantage of these technologies on patients’ outcomes and functionality.
High-frame-rate A-mode ultrasound for calibration-free cuffless carotid pressure: feasibility study using lower body negative pressure intervention
Published in Blood Pressure, 2022
Kiran V Raj, P. M. Nabeel, Dinu Chandran, Mohanasankar Sivaprakasam, Jayaraj Joseph
Our group had earlier introduced mathematical models to evaluate BP from the carotid artery in a calibration-free and cuffless manner without requiring peripheral BP values or waveforms [16]. In this work, we introduce an easy-to-use unimodal high-frame-rate ultrasound system for the measurement of carotid pressure employing these mathematical models. The method uses a set of biomechanical equations that involve arterial wall dynamics and the intra-beat variations in local PWV which are measured using the proposed fast ultrasound. The technology does not use images, rather raw radiofrequency (RF) data, supporting high scan rates, which are recommended to capture the changes in distension with sufficient temporal resolution for accurate measurement of local PWV. In this study, we investigated the technology’s ability to track the beat-to-beat dynamics in the carotid pressure as a response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) intervention on a total of eight healthy adult humans. This intervention is known to cause a differential response for carotid versus peripheral pressures [17] and, therefore, we have compared the yielded variations in the beat-to-beat carotid pressure against the peripheral pressure. The measurement system is first presented, followed by the study objectives and experimental design. The outcomes of the functionality assessment are presented, and the unique features of the system are elaborately discussed based on them.
A review of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2021
Oneib Khan, Ashley Marmaro, David A Cohen
PTS is characterized as signs and symptoms of venous insufficiency following deep vein thrombosis [17]. Typical symptoms could be extremity pain, extremity heaviness, vein dilation, edema, skin pigmentation, and venous ulcers. It is thought to occur due to venous hypertension, leading to valve damage [18]. One meta-analysis found a 19% risk of PTS in UEDVT. This risk was more profound in primary UEDVT than secondary UEDVT (20% vs. 14%) [19]. This seems lower relative to the risk of PTS in LEDVT which has been noted in 20%-50% of patients [20]. Although not thoroughly validated, a modified Villalta score has been used previously to diagnose and evaluate PTS of the upper extremity [21]. One problem with this score is that it does not capture the effects of PTS affecting the dominant arm. This can drastically alter a patient’s quality of life and functionality; improvement on this score is necessary.