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The Future of Parasitology
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Collectively the efforts of molecular parasitologists comprise a juggernaut of impressive endeavor that is yielding ever more precise insights into how hosts and parasites interact at the molecular level. Many examples have been pointed out throughout the book and here we highlight just three approaches likely to play an important role in the future in unraveling the intricacies of host–parasite interactions. One is the further study of extracellular vesicles (see Chapters 2,4). These vesicles carry both proteins and RNA that have been implicated in a variety of processes including facilitating adhesion and invasion of parasites into cells, differentiation from one life cycle stage to another, modulating or inhibiting immune responses and in the case of host-produced vesicles, induction of immune responses. Vesicles have been considered as novel ways to deliver drugs or various bioactive molecules to intracellular environments.
Clinicians' Perspective in the Use and Adaptability of the Latest Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cancers in Women
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are broadly categorized into two types, exosomes and shed microvesicles, which are clinically useful in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. While a lot of research in the area of cancer diagnosis and prognosis is taking place, the main concern in today’s time is the identification of biomarkers by non-invasive techniques. It is important to keep the patients’ pre-treatment and intra-treatment information to have a track of progression of the disease and also to check the efficacy of the therapeutic regimen.
Extracellular Vesicles for Nucleic Acid Delivery
Published in Yashwant Pathak, Gene Delivery, 2022
Md Meraj Anjum, Dulla Naveen Kumar, Aiswarya Chaudhuri, Sanjay Singh, Ashish Kumar Agrawal
Therapeutic efficacy of any drug is not only dependent upon the inherent efficacy of the drug molecule but also dependent upon its availability at target site. To make the drug molecules available at a target site, different nanoformulations based approaches came into the picture as a result of decades of scientific endeavors. Although a variety of natural and synthetic material based nanoformulations viz. lipid [17–33], polymers [34–50], protein [51–53], metals [54], etc., have been stated to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs, there is a desperate need for biocompatible carrier systems which can deliver as well as safeguard the therapeutic carriers throughout the entire body. In past years, extracellular vesicles have gained remarkable attention as drug delivery systems and cell replacement therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles are particles of a non-replicating nature that are composed of phospholipid bilayers, released by almost all types of cells found in the human body, and in several plants and animals [55]. EVs are also found in various biological fluids like blood, saliva, milk, cerebrospinal fluids and malignant ascites, as well as in tissue culture supernatants, making up particles of heterogeneous population that are categorized into three specific types depending on their production: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies (Table 3.1) [56].
Obesity induces extracellular vesicle release from the endothelium as a contributor to brain damage after cerebral ischemia in rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
P. A. Perez-Corredor, P. Oluwatomilayo-Ojo, J. A. Gutierrez-Vargas, G. P. Cardona-Gómez
Extracellular vesicles are small membrane vesicles that carry important messengers, such as proteins, lipids, and mRNAs, and they are released by most cell types in response to different stimuli. The role of EV-mediated intercellular communication is necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis and physiological functions, whereas alterations in these processes could be an indicator of pathological states [49]. One of the most important physiological EV functions is immune regulation; currently, some therapeutic approaches have been evaluated using these vesicles [50]. Because obesity is characterized by a proinflammatory state and brain damage has been related to an increase in some proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, we tried to explain the pathology beginning with the endothelium as the first cells that are in contact with the periphery. Then, we hypothesized that endothelial activation produces a release of proinflammatory signals carried on EVs that affect neural cells beginning with astrocytes.
Potential applications of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes in regenerative medicine
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
Maryam Adelipour, David M. Lubman, Jeongkwon Kim
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include a variety of vesicles that differ in size, content, and biogenesis. The three main types of extracellular vesicles are exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Microvesicles and apoptotic bodies are released from living or dying cells, respectively, by outward budding of the plasma membrane. Exosomes are typically smaller than microvesicles and apoptotic bodies and are formed through the endocytic pathway [107]. Exosomes released from MSCs are being discovered as mediators for cell-free regenerative medicine. These small EVs, with sizes less than 150 nm, are produced from endosomes, created by the invagination of the plasma membrane, and released through membrane fusion. Exosomes contain two layers of phospholipids enriched in ceramide, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol. Exosomes also contain various biomolecules, including transmembrane proteins (CD63, CD9, and CD81), mRNA, microRNA, and DNA, which make them potential therapeutic agents [108,109].
Large-scale, cross-flow based isolation of highly pure and endocytosis-competent extracellular vesicles
Published in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, 2018
Ryan P. McNamara, Carolina P. Caro-Vegas, Lindsey M. Costantini, Justin T. Landis, Jack D. Griffith, Blossom A. Damania, Dirk P. Dittmer
The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has received considerable attention in recent years, in particular the class of EVs with a diameter < 120 nm. MicroRNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) molecules, as well as proteins (both host and virus-encoded), lipids, and small metabolites have all been found in EVs. EVs have demonstrated roles in cancer progression, metastasis, the response to invading pathogens, and normal development and physiology, such as synaptic transmission and immune responses (reviewed in [1]). Modified EVs are under consideration as vaccine and drug delivery modalities (reviewed in [2]). This principle borrows from the successful encapsulation of the anti-cancer drugs doxorubicin and paclitaxel into liposomal vehicles and albumin nanoparticles, to yield the clinically approved formulations Doxil and Abraxane [3–5]. Lastly, EVs have gained popularity as disease biomarkers, and substantial efforts are underway to translate EVs profiling into a clinical modality, termed “liquid biopsy” [1,6–10].