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Characteristics, Events, and Stages in Tumorigenesis
Published in Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 2023
Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn
Microvesicles are produced from the plasma membrane through direct outward budding (and fission) with subsequent release into the extracellular space [830, 857, 896]. Membrane lipid curvature plays an important role for either inward-budding vesicle formation within the endocytic system (exosomes) or an outward-budding vesicle formation at the plasma membrane (microvesicles) [831]. Some of the biogenetic mechanisms involved include flippase, flippase and scramblase (TMEM16F), amino-phospholipid translocases, ARF6, membrane curvature, cytoskeleton, and asymmetric movement of phosphatidylserine [769, 840, 897–900]. From plasma membranes of prostate and breast cancer cells, the shedding of cancer-derived MVs is attributed to the ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) that is enriched in MVs [851, 901]. EVs, (especially exosomes), have been identified as major modes by which cells interact with each other, including stromal cells, within the tumor microenvironment [849].
Clinicians' Perspective in the Use and Adaptability of the Latest Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cancers in Women
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are broadly categorized into two types, exosomes and shed microvesicles, which are clinically useful in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. While a lot of research in the area of cancer diagnosis and prognosis is taking place, the main concern in today’s time is the identification of biomarkers by non-invasive techniques. It is important to keep the patients’ pre-treatment and intra-treatment information to have a track of progression of the disease and also to check the efficacy of the therapeutic regimen.
Mother and Embryo Cross Communication during Conception
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Anna Idelevich, Andrea Peralta, Felipe Vilella
Microvesicles (100–1000 nm) were first described as subcellular material originating from platelets in normal plasma and serum. The molecular markers of microvesicles are ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), integrins, selectins, and CD40 ligand. Microvesicles have been studied mainly for their role in blood coagulation and cancer cell-to-cell communication, where they are called oncosomes. Unlike apoptotic bodies and microvesicles, exosomes are small, virus-sized particles (30–150 nm), formed by inward budding of the cytoplasmic membrane. Exosomes are derived from the endolysosomal pathway and represent a more homogeneous population of vesicles than microvesicles. For a long time, they were considered to be nanodust, or dust in electron microscopy. This perception changed dramatically in the past years and their role evolved from debris bins to biologically active particles [89,90]. The immunomodulatory role of exosomes is the most studied [87,91], followed by angiogenesis, thrombosis [92], and pathologies, such as cancer [88]. The molecular markers of exosomes include: CD63, CD9, CD81, ALIX, TSG101, flotillin-1, HSC70, and syntenin-1 [13]. Cargo sorting into exosomes involves the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) and other associated proteins.
Regulatory roles of extracellular vesicles in adverse pregnancy outcomes exposed with environmental toxicants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Xiaoqing Wang, Shukun Wan, Chenyang Mi, Wenxin Huang, Rong Wang, Huidong Zhang
Cells could communicate with their neighboring or distant cells through extracellular vesicles (EVs) (Tkach and Théry 2016). EVs are enclosed by a lipid bilayer and secreted from virtually all known types of cells (György et al. 2011). Generally, the vesicle sizes are used to classify the types of EVs (Théry et al. 2018; Witwer and Théry 2019); and thus EVs are classified into two major types, exosomes and microvesicles (Deatherage and Cookson 2012). Exosomes (30–150 nm in diameter) are generated by inward budding of the endosomal membrane during maturation of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs), which are intermediates within the endosomal system and are secreted after the fusion of MVEs with cell surface (Raposo and Stoorvogel 2013). Microvesicles (50–1000 nm in diameter) are characterized by their origin and secretion via outward budding of the plasma membrane (Raposo and Stoorvogel 2013). In this review, the term EVs refer to exosomes, except for examples involving microvesicles, which are clearly mentioned.
Cross talk between exosomes and pancreatic β-cells in diabetes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Exosomes are endosomal membrane vesicles released from cells and contain various types of cargo, such as lipids, proteins, and miRNAs, which are involved in intercellular communication (Raposo and Stoorvogel 2013). Exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are collectively called EVs. Exosomes differ from the other two types of EV in that they have different origins. Microvesicles, also called exfoliated vesicles or microparticles, are bilayer lipids derived directly from the plasma membrane and apoptotic bodies. Bilayer lipids are released when apoptotic cells are cleared (Barile and Vassalli 2017). Almost all animal cells can produce and secrete exosomes, including mast cells, lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, platelets, astrocytes, neurons, epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and liver cells (Yao et al.2018). However, in a laboratory pure exosomes cannot be isolated because it is difficult to separate exosomes from other types of EVs. Thus, in the literature exosomes and EVs are both used to describe these mixed vesicle populations (Colombo et al.2014).
Extracellular vesicle cargo of the male reproductive tract and the paternal preconception environment
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2021
Ahmet Ayaz, Emily Houle, J. Richard Pilsner
EVs were first described by Chargaff and West in 1946 as platelet-derived particles in blood serum, later referred to as platelet dust (Chargaff and West 1946). In the 1970s, EVs released from the plasma membrane were observed in various cells and body fluids including seminal plasma (Ronquist et al. 1978). In 2007, a major breakthrough for the biological function of EVs was reported through an exquisite set of experiments. Valadi et al. detected the presence of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) in EVs derived from mouse and human cell lines. They also described ‘exosomal shuttle RNA’ in which mouse exosomal RNA was transferred to human mast cells producing new mouse proteins in the recipient cells (Valadi et al. 2007). Since this discovery and others of the time (Ratajczak et al. 2006; Skog et al. 2008; Yanez-Mo et al. 2015), EVs have been recognized as dynamic vehicles of intercellular communication. A single cell-type can release different subclasses of EVs. The distinctions between exosomes and microvesicles will be discussed in the following sections.