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Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Several specific phytochemicals purified from Eleutherococcus senticosus have also been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-Metabolic Syndrome effects. Syringin from Eleutherococcus senticosus decreased hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. This was due in part to enhanced glycogen synthesis in the liver and stimulation of glucose uptake in muscle tissue.12 Eleutheroside E purified from Eleutherococcus senticosus lowered insulin resistance in db/db mice that are genetically predisposed to Type 2 Diabetes. Eleutheroside E decreased blood glucose and serum insulin levels, as well as improved serum lipid profiles.13
Ginseng in Japan, Siberia, and Panax Notoginseng
Published in Joseph P. Hou, The Healing Power of Ginseng, 2019
The two are also different in their active ingredients. Panax ginseng contains the active ingredient ginsenosides, while Siberian ginseng does not contain ginsenosides. Instead of ginsenosides, Siberian ginseng contains the active ingredient eleutherosides. While Panax ginseng has warm, bitter, pungent characteristics, Siberian ginseng has a warm and mild character.
Adaptogens
Published in Ethan Russo, Handbook of Psychotropic Herbs, 2015
A series of eleutherosides labeled A through M have been isolated from the roots of Eleutherococcus senticosus. Although this system intentionally resembles the nomenclature of ginsenosides, the eleutherosides are chemically heterogeneous. They include triterpene saponins, steroid glycosides, a phenylacrylic acid derivative, and lignans (epimeric diglucosides of syringaresinols) (Medical Economics Company, 1998). Also present in the roots of eleuthero are eleutheranes A through G, polysaccharides with reported immunomodulating effects.
A comprehensive review of recent studies on pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicines (2014–2017) and perspectives
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Peiying Shi, Xinhua Lin, Hong Yao
Besides, some auxiliary technologies were also used to further explore the PK behaviors of TCMs, e.g. transport experiments in Caco-2 cell culture model (Zhang, Lei, et al. 2017), MDCK-MDR1 cell model (Tian et al. 2017), and microdialysis (Chiang et al. 2015), et al. For example, a sensitive and convenient LC-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously determine Hederacolchiside A1 and Eleutheroside K in rat plasma to investigate the PK of total secondary saponin (TSS) from Anemone raddeana Regel (Zhang, Lei, et al. 2017). In addition, the i.v. PK of pure Hederacolchiside A1 and Eleutheroside K was also conducted to study the absolute bioavailability, the values of which were 0.141 and 0.30%, respectively, at the same oral dosage. Then, the transport experiments in the Caco-2 cell culture model showed low permeability of Hederacolchiside A1 and Eleutheroside K suggesting poor absorption, which confirmed the previous pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. MDCK-MDR1 cells are also widely used in the study of mechanisms of drug interaction and absorption or transport (Liu and Zeng 2008). In the section of ‘Pharmacokinetic HDIs with TCMs’, MDCK-MDR1 cells were used to investigate the transport of aspirin and salicylic acid in order to further study the effect of Panax notoginseng saponins on the permeability of the two compounds (Tian et al. 2017). In addition, microdialysis allows continuous monitoring of drug concentrations by in vivo sampling of extracellular fluid in many kinds of tissues and fluids in a single animal, avoids the problems with intra-animal variability, reduces the number of animals used, which contribute greatly to the study of PK and drug metabolism (Tsai 2003). In the section of ‘Pharmacokinetic HDIs with TCMs’, a microdialysis technique coupled with HPLC was used to monitor 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in rat blood and brain in order to investigate the HDIs of Jia–Wei–Xiao–Yao–San on PK of 5-FU (Chiang et al. 2015).