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Stress Management and Meditation
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
The downregulation and upregulation in functions of the immune system may be observed as an adaptive response modulated by stress hormones. The persistent secretion of stress hormones can initiate a kind of physiological ‘wear and tear' (allostatic load), giving rise to dysfunctioning and suppression of the immune system (McEwen, 1998; Zachariae, 2009). Thus, persistent stress weakens or damages the immune system reaction (Segerstrom & Miller, 2004) as well as precipitates inflammation (Pace et al., 2009; Weik et al., 2008). Precisely, raised CRH (corticotrophin-releasing hormone) stimulates the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines (Wang et al., 2003), which provoke inflammation as a primary defence against infection or injury. These proinflammatory cytokines comprise interleukin 8 (IL-8), TNF-α, interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) (Glaser et al., 1999). Moreover, an acute inflammatory protein, i.e. C-reactive protein, functions as an indicator of inflammation and because of the escalated levels of CRP inflammation taking place (Sproston & Ashworth, 2018). Particularly, IL-6 (interleukin 6) enhances the synthesis of C-reactive protein (Tanaka & Kishimoto, 2014). Another complex protein, NFκB, is accountable for intervening in the production of proinflammatory cytokines while it plays a part in inflammation (Lawrence, 2009). Similar to C-reactive protein, the activity of NFκB is escalated with inflammation. The persistent increase in activity of NFκB is related to inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and arthritis.
Malignant Neoplasms of the Colon
Published in Philip H. Gordon, Santhat Nivatvongs, Lee E. Smith, Scott Thorn Barrows, Carla Gunn, Gregory Blew, David Ehlert, Craig Kiefer, Kim Martens, Neoplasms of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus, 2007
Most of the pleiotropic actions of vitamin D are mediated by binding to a nuclear receptor that interacts with specific consensus sites in promoters of specific genes, resulting in downregulation or upregulation of their expression. The actions of vitamin D involve cross-talk with growth factors/cytokines, inhibitory effects on the cell cycle and stimulation of apoptosis (91).
Urine as a biological modality for colorectal cancer detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2020
Subashini Chandrapalan, Ramesh P Arasaradnam
MiRNAs are key regulatory molecules in the post-transcriptional phase of gene expression. These are small non-coding RNAs, usually with 18–24 nucleotides [14]. Epigenetic alterations may result in either downregulation or upregulation of miRNA. This was first identified in 1993 as a regulatory protein in the development of a nematode Caenorhabditis elegans [15,16]. Because of their high tissue specificity, these molecules have the potential to be useful as a biomarker. Weber et al., in their study, explored the distribution of miRNAs and clearly showed that these molecules were present in 12 different types of human body fluids [17]. Since then, various studies have highlighted the utility of these miRNAs in different types of cancers. Toiyama and colleagues [18] showed that the serum miRNA-21 has a sensitivity and specificity of 82.8% and 90.6%, respectively, for the detection of CRC. Recently miR-34 has gained attention and it has been shown that the expression level in p53 positive patients was significantly higher in comparison to p53 negative patients [19].
Evaluation of mature miR398 family, expression analysis and the post-transcriptional regulation evidence in gamma-irradiated and nitrogen-stressed Medicago sativa seedlings
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Mohammed Javed, Anshika Sinha, Lata Israni Shukla
The beneficial effects of non-ionizing radiations like UV-B radiation wherein an upregulation by twofold in the expression of miR398 in Z. mays (leaves) and more than twofold in seedlings of Populus tremula is reported (Jia, Ren, et al. 2009; Zhou et al. 2012; Casati 2013) (Supplementary Table S1). It may be noted that miR398-3p shows reduction of 4.4- and 30-fold for 20Gy and 200Gy, respectively in shoots (Figure 1(a)) while upregulation in the expression is observed for miR398-3p by 1.1- and 4.2-fold, respectively for 20Gy and 200Gy in roots (Figure 1(b)). Thus, oxidative stress shows different response in different parts of plants and also varies with genotype. Downregulation and upregulation are not just restricted to UV, salt but also seen in drought stress. Only one report of the root is available where upregulation of miR398 is reported under water-deficient condition (Trindade et al. 2010). The levels of miR398 as could be seen are upregulated in high sucrose, water-deficient condition, Hg stress, phosphate stress, UB radiation stresses in shoots and also observed for gamma irradiation stress in our study (Supplementary Table S1).
The potential role of miRNAs in multiple myeloma therapy
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2018
Daniele Caracciolo, Martina Montesano, Emanuela Altomare, Francesca Scionti, Maria Teresa Di Martino, Pierosandro Tagliaferri, Pierfrancesco Tassone
Since miRNAs deregulation is involved in MM pathogenesis, it is conceivable that their enforced expression or inhibition may be used as a therapeutic tool to equilibrate their pathologic downregulation or upregulation respectively [44–50].