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Toxicity and Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles: What We Have Learned So Far *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Alaaldin M. Alkilany, Catherine J. Murphy
Nanoparticles could have many adverse effects at the cellular level by interacting with vital cell components such as the membrane, mitochondria, or nucleus. Adverse outcomes could include organelle or DNA damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis (programmed cell death), mutagenesis, and protein up/ down regulation (Unfried et al. 2007; Aillon et al. 2009; Jia et al. 2009; Pan et al. 2009). Since it is simpler to perform, most nanotoxicological screening studies are done in vitro, on cell cultures in plates. Even though these results may not accurately predict the in vivo toxicity (Griffith and Swartz 2006), it does provide a basis for understanding the mechanism of toxicity and nanoparticle uptake at the cellular level.
RNA-seq Analysis
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
We can see that the random gene set shows no significant up- or down-regulation (Tables 8.3 and (8.4), while the gene set we defined using the top GO term shows a significant up-regulation (adjusted p-value ¡ 0.0007) (8.3). It is worthwhile to visualize these systematic changes in a heatmap as in Figure 8.11.
Prolactin
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
The binding of prolactin to its receptors is modulated by hormones. For example, in the rat liver, estrogens stimulate prolactin binding whereas ovariectomy results in decreased prolactin binding. Hypophysectomy reduces prolactin binding in the liver, an effect that can be reversed by prolactin injection. Prolactin receptors in liver and mammary glands are both up- and down-regulated by prolactin. When prolactin is first dissociated from its receptors with MgCL2, or if prolactin secretion is blocked by ergot treatment, receptor fields in the mammary gland and liver are opened. When prolactin is administered, down-regulation of the receptor field (i.e., reduction in prolactin receptors) takes place within 15 min. After this rapid down-regulation, gradual up-regulation (increased numbers of available prolactin receptors) takes place and within 24 h the number of available prolactin receptors is restored.18,239
Latent Upregulation of Nlrp3, Nlrc4 and Aim2 Differentiates between Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis Infection
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Sonal Yadav, Vivek Verma, Rakesh Singh Dhanda, Sumeeta Khurana, Manisha Yadav
AIM2 was expressed on the 4th dpi, and beyond this time point, a gradual decrease was observed in the vagina of the symptomatic group as compared to the control group. Simultaneously, in the symptomatic group, rapid down-regulation was observed from the 8th dpi to 14th dpi as compared to early time points (Figure 4a). However, in cervical tissues, significant upregulation of AIM2 was observed on 14th dpi in the asymptomatic group as compared to the symptomatic group (Figure 4b). Tissue-specific regulation of AIM2 expression was observed in both symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. No significant difference was observed in the levels of AIM2 in the vaginal tissues of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (Figure 4d). However, in cervical tissue, a high level of AIM2 was observed on 14th dpi in the asymptomatic group as compared to the symptomatic group (Figure 4e). We saw a markable expression of AIM2 in the cervix at later time points following the cervix’s histological changes in the asymptomatic group (Figure 4).
Dopaminergic and glutamatergic biomarkers disruption in addiction and regulation by exercise: a mini review
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Muhammad Abdullah, Li-Chung Huang, Shih-Hsien Lin, Yen Kuang Yang
Evidence has indicated that stimulants increase the dopamine transporter (DAT) expression, while sedatives decrease it (Varrone and Halldin 2014). Aside from this generalisation, there is complete divergence in terms of the effects of drugs on the expression regulation of DAT (Volkow et al.2009, Varrone and Halldin 2014). Observing the striatal DAT availability, Malison et al. were the first to show, in vivo, that chronic use of cocaine, a stimulant and DAT blocker, causes significant upregulation (Malison et al.1998), consistent with similar results for cocaine obtained by Crits-Christoph et al. (2008). Contrarily, other stimulants such as amphetamine and methamphetamine have been shown to cause significant downregulation (Ashok et al.2017). Opioids (Yeh et al.2012, Lin et al.2016), alcohol (Yen et al.2015), and nicotine dependence have also been shown to cause significant reduction in DAT availability (Yang et al.2008). Strengthening the notion of reduced DAT availability by addictive substances, a battery of research also showed that drug-related behaviours such as expenditure on heroin (Lin et al.2015) and poor cognition (Liang et al.2016) are significantly associated with a low DAT availability.
Up-regulating Sexual Arousal and Down-regulating Disgust while Watching Pornography: Effects on Sexual Arousal and Disgust
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2021
Aleksandra Pawłowska, Charmaine Borg, Peter J. de Jong
The current study examined the effects of two emotion regulation strategies on sexual arousal and disgust experienced during pornographic video material in a sample of women with no sexual difficulties. Half of the sample was primed with the contaminating features of sex prior to viewing the video material, whereas the other half was not primed. Sexual arousal up-regulation instruction was found to be effective in increasing feelings of sexual arousal compared with control instruction, but only in the unprimed group. Nonetheless, sexual arousal up-regulation instruction had no effect on disgust change from pre- to posttest. Compared with the control instruction, disgust down-regulation instruction decreased disgust from pre- to posttest, yet had no significant effect on sexual arousal change, although there was a trend in the predicted direction.