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Clindamycin
Published in Thomas T. Yoshikawa, Shobita Rajagopalan, Antibiotic Therapy for Geriatric Patients, 2005
inducible resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSb phenotype). This type of resistance is caused by the methylation of an adenine residue of the bacterial 23S ribosomal RNA and is encoded by the ermB gene. This resistance phenotype can be selected in vitro by serial subculture of the isolate in the presence of an inducing agent such as erythromycin or clindamycin (4). It may account for the emergence of resistance and treatment failure associated with an apparently clindamycin-susceptible S. aureus infection (5). Inducible MLSb resistance can be detected in vitro by the double-disk diffusion test (D test) in which the zone of inhibition around the clindamycin disk is distorted in the vicinity of the erythromycin disk (5). Clindamycin has poor activity against enterococci and gram-negative facultative bacteria.
Genotypic validation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and virulence factors in multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae in an Indian hospital
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Rajesh Kumar Sahoo, Aradhana Das, Mahendra Gaur, Ankita Pattanayak, Saubhagini Sahoo, Nagen Kumar Debata, Pattanathu K.S.M. Rahman, Enketeswara Subudhi
ESBL-producing bacteria are commonly identified using the double disk diffusion test, but the efficacy of this test is currently challenged by inconsistencies in the results produced [3]. Thus, detection of the specific resistance genes (blaCTX-M, blaSHV, and blaTEM) using PCR and sequencing is now being followed commonly as powerful tools for the validation of ESBL-producing bacteria. In addition, the genes responsible for virulence (fimH-1, mrkD, entB and irp-1) [4,5] and capsule production (K1 & K2) have been probed to understand their role in the severity of the infection.