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Role of Bacteria in Dermatological Infections
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Thirukannamangai Krishnan Swetha, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian
The gram-positive and coagulase positive S. aureus is a member of Firmicutes and commensal in one-third of the human population (Sethupathy et al., 2017). However, it is also an extensively isolated and leading human opportunistic pathogen (Alegre et al., 2016). The reportage of S. aureus contribution in SSSIs hit 80%, of which 63% was observed in cellulitis and cutaneous abscesses (Malachowa et al., 2015). This remarkable escalation of infectious role is the result of the advent of MRSA in community and healthcare settings. This notion affords a hostile situation for medical practitioners to manage SSSIs, especially at emergency departments (Frazee et al., 2005).
What precautions would be taken to prevent spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection from patient to patient on an ophthalmic ward?
Published in Nathaniel Knox Cartwright, Petros Carvounis, Short Answer Questions for the MRCOphth Part 1, 2018
Nathaniel Knox Cartwright, Petros Carvounis
Hand washing is by far the most important single precaution shown to prevent MRSA spread. Hands should be washed before and after each episode of patient contact. Washing may even be necessary between tasks on the same patient to prevent cross infection. Hand washing should be performed after contact with medical equipment and bodily fluids. Hand washing is necessary even when gloves are worn.
A Case of Hospital-Acquired Mrsa
Published in Meera Chand, John Holton, Case Studies in Infection Control, 2018
HA-MRSA was previously known as nosocomial MRSA and is defined as an MRSA infection occurring more than 48 hours following hospital admission, or within 12 months of exposure to healthcare facilities. Infections with MRSA in hospitals are usually associated with severe invasive disease, and the isolates tend to have multidrug resistance and usually carry the staphylococcal cassette chromosome SCCmec type 2 cassette. The prevalence of HA-MRSA ranges from <1% in Scandinavia to 40% in countries such as Japan and Israel. MRSA has been associated with most types of healthcare-acquired infections. This results in part from the organisms’ ability to form biofilms in invasive devices.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular docking studies of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing nitrogen heterocycle and alkylamine groups
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Qi Wang, Jie Liu, Zi-Dan Zhou, Ke-Xin Zhou, Fei Li, Qi-Wen Zhang, Shou-Kai Wang, Wei Wang, Zhen Jin, You-Zhi Tang
The abuse of antibiotics contributes to the emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria, including Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)1. MRSA can cause a wide variety of clinical diseases, such as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, infective endocarditis and bacteraemia2,3. The prevalence of MRSA infection had become a major public health concern worldwide4. Vancomycin is “the last line of defense” against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections5. But it has recently been reported that the horizontal transfer of the vanA gene from vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis to MRSA, leading the resistance of MRSA to vancomycin6. With the prevalence of MRSA, new antimicrobial agents with novel modes of action are urgently needed.
Bacterial dacryoadenitis: clinical features, microbiology, and management of 45 cases, with a recent uptick in incidence
Published in Orbit, 2022
Karen M. Wai, Joseph J. Locascio, Natalie Wolkow
A wide range of bacteria can cause dacryoadenitis. In our study, the most common organisms identified were Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. Although the incidence of Haemophilus influenzae orbital and periorbital infections has decreased since the introduction of the Haemophilus influenza B vaccine,14Haemophilus infleunzae was still a significant pathogen in our study as well as other recent studies on bacterial dacryoadenitis.1,5 Further, both MSSA and MRSA were identified in our study. The incidence of methicillin-resistant strains has been increasing in both pediatric and adult populations in the community setting.15,16 Community acquired MRSA infections can present aggressively with rapid clinical progression or multiple orbital abscesses.15 Considering the rise of MRSA in the community, early clinical suspicion for MRSA-related infections even without traditional risk factors such as recent hospitalization is vital. Interestingly, our single patient with positive MRSA culture by conjunctival swab also had a positive MRSA nasal swab, raising the question of whether there may be correlations between MRSA nasal swabs and MRSA positive ocular cultures.
MRSA Decolonization and the Eye: A Potential New Tool for Ophthalmologists
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2022
Jeremy B Hatcher, Alex de Castro-Abeger, Richard W LaRue, Melanie Hingorani, Louise Mawn, Sean P Donahue, Paul Sternberg, Christine Shieh
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic pathogen resistant to several antibiotics commonly used to treat Staphylococcus aureus. The rise in prevalence of both hospital- and community-acquired MRSA strains in the early twenty-first century is attributed to widespread antibiotic use in prior decades, leading to international challenges with multi-drug resistance.1 The ecologic niche of MRSA in humans is the anterior nares. Healthy individuals may be “colonized” with MRSA but without active clinical infection. However, MRSA colonization plays a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of disease in the body, with patterns of increased persistent nasal carriage in immunocompromised patients.2 MRSA is also readily transmitted between patients. Risk factors for MRSA carriage include advanced age, prior or recent hospital admission, and residence in a nursing home. Once considered a nosocomial pathogen, surveillance studies have noted the increasing prevalence of community-acquired MRSA isolates.2,3 MRSA infections affect the care of patients in all medical settings, complicating medical care in the inpatient setting (particularly the intensive care unit), operating room and the outpatient clinics. Some authors have even gone as far as to call for universal MRSA screening in adults admitted through the Emergency Department.4 Evidence suggests that up to 1/4 of colonized patients may develop an MRSA infection within a year of being identified as MRSA-colonized.5