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ChIP-seq analysis
Published in Altuna Akalin, Computational Genomics with R, 2020
One of the most fascinating biological phenomena is the fact that a myriad of different cell types, in a multicellular organism, are encoded by one single genome. How exactly this is achieved is still a major unanswered question in biology. Cell types differ based on a multitude of features: their size, shape, mobility, surface receptors, metabolic content. However, the main predominant feature, which influences all of the above, is which genes are expressed in each cell type. Therefore, if we can understand what controls which genes will be expressed, and where they will be expressed, we can start forming a picture of how a single genomic template, can give rise to a complex organism.
General Radiation Cytopathology
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology, 2019
Furthermore, in dealing with irradiation of parts of a complex organism, cells in the field of irradiation which have or have not absorbed radiation energy, and even cells remote from the field of irradiation, may be affected at some time through one or more of a variety of complex indirect mechanisms initiated by radiation damage to the cells absorbing the radiation energy.
Mind-Controlled Analgesia: The Inner Way to Pain Control
Published in Anees A. Sheikh, Imagination and Healing, 2019
The human body is an enormously complex organism. Its nervous system contains at least seven to ten billion nerve cells, and an average cell has approximately 5,000 interconnections. Thus, according to neurophysiologist Charles Herrick, there are at least 10 to the 2,783,000 power possible connections for receiving, storing, correlating, and transmitting data [28]. How is this incredibly complex system regulated?
Clinical progression and changes of chest CT findings among asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan, China
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Rongrong Yang, Xien Gui, Shicheng Gao, Hengning Ke, Yong Xiong
Unlike cell or animal experiments in laboratory, human body is an extremely complex organism, especially when it is invaded by pathogens. Even in the incubation period after SARS-CoV-2 infection, the levels of CRP, SAA and ESR in pre-symptomatic patients were higher than those in asymptomatic patients. Moreover, these indicators continued to rise when symptoms appeared. Unlike CRP, SAA, and ESR, the level of D-dimer in pre-symptomatic patients were close to those in asymptomatic patients, but lower than the levels of the same patient’s detection when symptoms appeared. The view that inflammatory factors are related to the severity and prognosis of the disease has been accepted by the public [14–18]. By comparing the levels of inflammatory factors in the incubation period and symptom period, this study found that the clinical value of inflammatory factors in different stages of the disease was not same. The abnormal coagulation function appeared later, which may be more significant for the prediction of severe patients. In a previous study regarding thalassaemia patients treated with active iron chelator deferiprone, a recovery of immune status and cytokine pattern, which had both been slightly activated before treatment, was found [19]. The inspiration by this study is that iron overload may be one of the factors that organize a cytokine storm. The detection of iron load in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection is a clinical indicator worth monitoring.
Review on the use of zebrafish embryos to study the effects of anesthetics during early development
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Luís Félix, Ana Maria Coimbra, Ana Maria Valentim, Luís Antunes
This review highlighted the biological advances in anesthesia research that have been facilitated by the use of early developmental stages of zebrafish, providing new and exciting possibilities to understand the prenatal effects of the anesthetics. Through the studies summarized here, some areas and anesthetics were identified as needing more research to clarify potential teratogenic effects and increase the knowledge on brain development and function under anesthesia in early developmental stages. Although some biological problems remain to be addressed with this model, zebrafish will allow the use of a complex organism instead of in vitro techniques and replaces the use of animal models more prone to pain, potentiating knowledge that can be more directly applied to other vertebrates, thereby, facilitating the translational biomedical research and reducing the risks associated in clinical practice.
Biological aspects of modern dental composites
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2023
Jan Tore Samuelsen, Jon E. Dahl
There are several advantages associated with an in vitro approach as well. A significant benefit is an ability to control experimental variables in detail without the modulating influences likely to occur in a complex organism. The opportunity to reproduce experiments in homogeneous cell populations makes it a valuable tool for identifying early cellular reactions after a toxic exposure. The cell response to toxic exposure, however, may vary widely among cell types [18]. It is, therefore, essential to study and compare the response of different cell systems to toxic exposure. The range of cell types investigated for methacrylate responses is extensive. Among these studies, several findings seem to be shared both between different cell types and between different methacrylates.