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Phenomenology and poststructuralism in feminist bioethics
Published in Wendy A. Rogers, Jackie Leach Scully, Stacy M. Carter, Vikki A. Entwistle, Catherine Mills, The Routledge Handbook of Feminist Bioethics, 2022
Catherine Mills, Patrick McConville
We explore these questions to argue that, while bioethicists increasingly draw on these theoretical resources, their value within the field has not yet been fully realized. For example, alongside the development of disruptive technologies, the concepts that are often relied upon to understand and theorize about these technologies also come under challenge. This includes more traditional (liberal) conceptions of ethical subjectivity, individual autonomy, the dichotomous formulation of nature (bodies) and culture (technologies), and the trade-offs of liberty versus harm that inform much debate in bioethics. In their place, new approaches to bioethics that place emphasis on embodied experience, the ways that identity categories are shaped by and shape broader structures of social and political power, and the health impacts of these, are gaining greater purchase. In short, the approaches we discuss below promote a new vocabulary of ethics, one that revolves around notions of embodiment, vulnerability, power and biopolitics. This has been and continues to be an important vocabulary for feminist bioethics.
Group B streptococcus infection
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Group B streptococcal colonization can be detected by either culture or rapid diagnostic tests. Currently, culture remains the gold standard for diagnosing GBS colonization. The yield of positive GBS culture is increased by sampling the anorectum in addition to the vagina, since the gastrointestinal tract is a major reservoir of GBS (5,30). This can be done in a single swab. Inhibition of competing organisms by using a selective medium such as Todd–Hewitt broth, which contains gentamicin, polymyxin B, and nalidixic acid or colistin (24), also increases the yield of the GBS culture. The main limitation of culture is time. Since culture results are not available for 24 to 48 hours, management may be problematic if delivery is imminent.
Recent in vitro Models for the Blood-Brain Barrier
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
João Basso, Maria Mendes, Maria Ferreira, João Sousa, Alberto Pais, Carla Vitorino
The use of endothelial cells alone or in combination with other components of the neurovascular units, in a controlled environment, is a frequently adopted strategy to yield a significant amount of data, with these models presenting a good reproducibility and high-throughput screening performance. To reproduce the physical barrier between the endothelial lumen and the brain tissue, cells are cultured over a microporous membrane, which separates the upper (luminal) compartment from the lower (abluminal) compartment. These are the Transwell models, the most common approach for BBB modelling. The simpler models rely on the use of endothelial cells over the membrane. However, these models do not take into consideration the communication between endothelial cells and other types of cells. A more trustworthy approach includes the co-culture of different types of cells, thus better reproducing the respective physiological interaction. While endothelial cells are cultured on the upper compartment, pericytes, astrocytes and/or neurons are cultured on the lower compartment [11].
Porphyromonas gingivalis diffusible signaling molecules enhance Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm formation via gene expression modulation
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Yukiko Yamaguchi-Kuroda, Yuichiro Kikuchi, Eitoyo Kokubu, Kazuyuki Ishihara
In this study, the gene expression was evaluated at a single time point before stationary phase, and therefore a single growth phase, of F. nucleatum. Several factors, other than coculture with P. gingivalis, such as differences in the growth phase, affect gene expression. To elucidate the influence of coculture, the evaluation of gene expression at multiple time points and in different ratios between the bacteria is required. TSBhm was used in the current assay; in other proteomics analyses, Brucella broth [50] or Todd-Hewitt broth [38] containing hemin and menadione were used. In the latter studies, the investigation was conducted in PBS. These media can be used to detect synergistic interactions; however, differences in the medium content may result in different results. In addition, a precise investigation on the synergistic effect requires the conditions that simulate those in the oral cavity. To fully comprehend the synergism between F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis, additional research using media that mimic the physiological condition of the oral cavity is required.
Beliefs affecting concussion reporting among military cadets: advanced observations through machine learning
Published in Brain Injury, 2022
Daniel D. Leeds, Yue Zeng, Brian R. Johnson, Craig A. Foster, Christopher D’Lauro
The factors used to influence strong intent toward concussion reporting (very low or very high reporting likelihoods) are generally comparable to those factors used to influence more fine-grained differences in reporting intentions. However, belief about the ethical requirement for cadets to report resulted in notably stronger weight for very high reporting likelihood: that is, those who believe in an ethical duty to report concussions increased the probability of a very high likelihood. Conversely, past concussion history resulted in notably stronger weight for low (but not very low) reporting likelihood, distinguishing concussion history’s moderate effect size from its well-documented statistical significance (43,44). These results further emphasize the value of ethical culture. While concussion history has statistically strong effects on reporting, the reporting likelihood decrease is less extreme in magnitude.
Reuterin disrupts Clostridioides difficile metabolism and pathogenicity through reactive oxygen species generation
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Melinda A. Engevik, Heather A. Danhof, Ritu Shrestha, Alexandra L. Chang-Graham, Joseph M. Hyser, Anthony M. Haag, Mahmoud A. Mohammad, Robert A. Britton, James Versalovic, Joseph A. Sorg, Jennifer K. Spinler
This study examined the inhibitory mechanism of reuterin production by L. reuteri DSM 17938 against C. difficile 2015. Routine anaerobic culturing of each strain was carried out at 37ºC in an anaerobic chamber (Anaerobe Systems, AS-580, Morgan Hill, CA) supplied with a mixture of 10% CO2, 5% H2, and 85% N2 for 16–18 h. L. reuteri and C. difficile were cultured in deMan, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS; Difco, Franklin Lakes, NY) and Brain Heart Infusion media supplemented with 2% yeast extract, 0.2% cysteine (BHIS; BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ), respectively. For work in a defined medium, C. difficile was cultured to stationary phase in BHIS and then subcultured in a Chemically Defined Minimal Medium (CDMM).71,72 All C. difficile cultures were normalized to a starting optical density (OD) at 600 nm of 0.1 for growth or 1.0 for inhibition studies using a Smartspec Plus spectrophotometer (Bio-rad Laboratories Inc). Colony-forming units (CFU) were counted from growth on BHIS agar plates. Chromosomal insertion in L. reuteri 17938::gdh was maintained by the addition of erythromycin (Erm; 10 µg/ml) to culture media. Specific culture conditions for individual experiments are detailed throughout.