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Order Picornavirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
Wu et al. (2005) developed the fluorescent CPMV probe for near-infrared fluorescence and demonstrated that the high loading of local dye concentration over 30 dye molecules per particle in this probe were sufficient to fulfill the methodology needs without significant fluorescence quenching. The successful tomographic fluorescence imaging was demonstrated in a tissue-like phantom (Wu et al. 2005). As mentioned earlier, Lewis JD et al. (2006) assessed the utility of the fluorescent CPMV particles for the intravital imaging by injecting and visualizing the vasculature of mouse embryos and shell-free chick embryos. The authors conducted also the vascular mapping studies to visualize the extent of angiogenesis induced by tumor implants on the chick chorioallantoic membrane (Lewis JD et al. 2006).
Alternative Methods for Assessing the Effects of Chemicals in the Eye
Published in David W. Hobson, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Leon H. Bruner, John Shadduck, Diane Essex-Sorlie
Selected technique — Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM).87,96 The CAM assays have generated considerable interest as alternatives for ocular irritation testing. The CAM is the vascularized respiratory membrane found immediately beneath the shell of a developing bird inside an incubated egg. Initially it was thought the CAM was analogous to the conjunctiva and therefore a good conjunctival inflammation model. However, additional studies have shown that classical inflammatory responses are not observed after treatment of the CAM91,97 and the primary lesions assessed after treatment with test substance are observations of necrosis or vascular changes. Thus, these assays should more properly be considered morphology endpoint procedures.
The Influence of Pituitary-Adrenal Axis on the Immune System
Published in Istvan Berczi, Pituitary Function and Immunity, 2019
Chicken embryos were surgically bursectomized by tail bud ablation at 68 hr of their development. Such bursectomized embryos were grafted with bursa on the chorioallantoic membrane at 9.5 days of incubation. In bursectomized chickens, testosterone production by the testis was increased, whereas corticosterone production by the adrenal glands was diminished, as determined by in vitro experiments. The weight and protein content of the oviduct was markedly decreased. These changes were not observed in bursa grafted animals. Thus, the bursa of Fabricius appears to produce factors that influence steroid secreting glands during embryonic development.499
Phase Transition Microemulsion of Brimonidine Tartrate for Glaucoma Therapy: Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacodynamic Study
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Nivedita Gautam, Karthikeyan Kesavan
Estimation of irritancy levels of the developed PMEs is done by HET-CAM test.20 Briefly, fertilized chicken eggs weighing 40–50 grams were collected from commercial sources and candled to remove the nonviable or defective ones. The eggs were incubated at 37 ± 0.5°C and 40 ± 5% humidity for 9 days. The eggs were rotated 180° manually in a gentle manner thrice a day to ensure proper development and embryo viability. The eggs were placed at equatorial position so that chorioallantoic membrane should develop away from the egg shell. On 9th day, the eggs were candled to confirm fertility and identify the airspace, marking was done. After complete incubation of 10 days, egg shell of each egg of three groups was opened at that marked portion. The inner membrane is cautiously removed with the help of forceps without disrupting the blood vessels to expose the chorioallantoic membrane underneath. The 300 µl volume of 0.9% saline solution (negative control), 0.1 M NaOH (positive control) and test solution (PMEs) was added onto the CAM by a pipette directly, and a timer started. Any effects like hemorrhage, lysis, and coagulation were assessed. After the treatment, semi-quantitatively grade using the method developed by Gupta et al. (2010)21 was performed. Each test solution is allotted a grade on the basis of haemorrhaging visibility. Images were taken to record qualitative data. The scores were recorded as per the scoring schemes.
Determination of the LD50 with the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as a promising alternative in nanotoxicological evaluation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Christoph Raphael Buhr, Jonas Eckrich, Martin Kluenker, Kai Bruns, Nadine Wiesmann, Wolfgang Tremel, Jürgen Brieger
The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay is an increasingly popular model for various types of in vivo research. Luepke initially identified the CAM assay as an alternative testing tool for research on mucosa irritation, that was previously performed with the controversial Draize rabbit eye test (Luepke 1985). The CAM has no nociception and experimentation with this model is not considered as an animal experiment in most countries (EU 2010; Ribatti 2016). Therefore, the CAM assay has become increasingly popular as a substitute for rodent animal experiments (Eckrich et al. 2020). The CAM assay requires minimal space, costs, and personnel while allowing a high quantitative output (Vargas et al. 2007; Lokman et al. 2012). Fertilized chicken eggs are incubated and opened exposing the extraembryonic CAM as a versatile platform for experimentation including the analysis of angiogenesis (Ribatti 2008), wound healing (Ribatti et al. 1996), tumor development (Ribatti 2014), as well as toxicology and biocompatibility (Grodzik and Sawosz 2006; Vinardell and Mitjans 2008; Blasi et al. 2013; Roman et al. 2013; Kue et al. 2015; Urbańska et al. 2015).
Enhanced antitumour efficiency of R8GD-modified epirubicin plus tetrandrine liposomes in treatment of gastric cancer via inhibiting tumour metastasis
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Xue-Tao Li, Ming Jing, Fu-Yi Cai, Xue-Min Yao, Liang Kong, Xiao-Bo Wang
In order to compare the destructive effects on angiogenesis after treatments with the varying liposomal formulations, a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model was established in this study. Briefly, the white seed eggs in good growth condition were sterilized and put into the incubator for cultivation at 37 °C. After incubation for 7 days, well-developed chicken embryos were selected to construct CAM models. CAM models were randomly divided into five groups and treated with tetrandrine liposomes, epirubicin liposomes, epirubicin plus tetrandrine liposomes and R8GD-modified epirubicin plus tetrandrine liposomes, respectively. Normal saline was used as blank control. The final concentration of epirubicin was 15 μM (epirubicin/tetrandrine = 1:5, mass ratio). After incubation for another 48 h, an inverted-microscopy was used to observe and photograph the CAM models.