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The maternal immune system during pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Cytokines are intracellular messengers of the immune response, triggering receptors on immune cells and local tissues that lead to downstream events such as cell differentiation, activation, and cytokine secretion. Chemokines—derived from the words chemo tactic cytokines—are cytokines that play a primary role in chemotaxis. They summon specific immune cell populations into a tissue to engage a pathogenic threat. Cytokines form the communication network for the immune system and are produced and utilized by cells in both arms. A list of commonly encountered cytokines, their cell of origin, and their common function is listed in Table 2.
Phagocytosis By Human Neutrophils
Published in Hans H. Gadebusch, Phagocytes and Cellular Immunity, 2020
Another technique for measuring chemotaxis was recently devised.99,100 In this procedure, wells are cut in an agarose medium, as illustrated in Figure 4. The center well is filled with a suspension of purified cells while the two peripheral wells are filled with medium and chemotactic material, respectively. The cells respond to the chemotaxin and migrate in a tear-drop fashion toward that well. By measuring the distance of migration from the leading edge to the center well, one can quantitate the intensity of the chemotactic stimulus. An important aspect of this assay procedure is that it is possible to measure the random migration in exactly the same system by measuring the degree of migration toward the control well. Further, this procedure is sufficiently simple that multiple samples can be run at one time.
Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Defective chemotaxis may also be due to impaired synthesis of chemotactic factors. Various components of the complement also play a part as endogenous chemotactic factors. Genetic deficiencies in the synthesis of these components are associated with recurrent infections.206 Such deficiencies have been described in Clr, C2, C3, and C5 components.509 In case of homozygous C3 deficiency, recurrent pneumonia, impetigo, and otitis media are often manifest, and supplementation of C3 factor to the serum can correct this impairment.10
Elevated Levels of Interleukins, Leukocyte Protein and Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide are Strongly Associated with Early to Mid-Stage of Pythium insidiosum Infection in Rabbit Corneas
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Lalit Kishore Ahirwar, Savitri Sharma
The chemokine IL-8, which was significantly higher on 7th day compared to 3rd and 9th day post infection studied by RT-qPCR also showed significantly higher expression in infected tissue compared to control by mELISA on three of these time points. It is one of the chemokines, which has specificity to activate and recruit neutrophils to the local site of inflammatory region.34 As it is well known for chemotaxis, it also plays a crucial role as potent pro-inflammatory immune mediator.35 Although not statistically significant, the expression of other chemokine CCL4/MIP-1β demonstrated by RT-qPCR and mELISA was higher on 3rd followed by 7th and 9th day post infection studied by RT-qPCR. It was higher in infected tissue (mELISA) in comparison to control in all of the time points. It is a chemotactic immune mediator which induces recruitment of eosinophils at the site of inflammation. The eosinophils play important role in innate and adaptive immunity and maintain tissue homeostasis in human mucosal surface.36 The histopathology of corneal tissue infected with P. insidiosum of rabbits included in this study also showed predominant infiltration with eosinophils and other polymorphonuclear cells.11
Altered Expression of CXCL13 and Its Chemokine Receptor CXCR5 on B Lymphocytes during Active Graves’ Orbitopathy
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Shangtao Wan, Miaoli Lin, Yuxiang Mao, Xiaoqing Chen, Dan Liang
Our in vitro data further support the contribution of CXCL13 in recruiting B cells and the preferential memory B-cell subset. The serum of patients with active GO exerted a stronger chemotactic activity on B cells in this study. Using neutralizing antibodies against CXCL13 or CXCR5 reduced the migration by 20%, demonstrating that a specific interaction between CXCL13 and CXCR5 was involved in chemotaxis. Moreover, adding a low concentration of rhCXCL13 (100 pg/mL) to the serum of HC subjects or of patients with inactive GO enhanced the chemotactic response, while rhCXCL13 (100 pg/mL) alone did not exert a chemotactic effect. These results suggest that additional factors in the serum may have a synergistic effect on chemotaxis. In support of this hypothesis, a previous study showed that B cell survival factor increases the chemotactic response of primary and memory human B cells to CXCL13.41
Immunological monitoring of newly diagnosed CML patients treated with bosutinib or imatinib first-line
Published in OncoImmunology, 2019
Anna Kreutzman, Bhagwan Yadav, Tim H. Brummendorf, Bjorn Tore Gjertsen, Moon Hee Lee, Jeroen Janssen, Tiina Kasanen, Perttu Koskenvesa, Kourosh Lofti, Berit Markevärn, Ulla Olsson-Strömberg, Jesper Stentoft, Leif Stenke, Stina Söderlund, Lene Udby, Johan Richter, Henrik Hjorth-Hansen, Satu Mustjoki
Chemokines on the other hand induce chemotaxis in responsive cells. We observed that CX3CL1 levels in particular increased during imatinib treatment. CX3CL1 and its cognate receptor CX3CR1 are involved in the recruitment of leukocytes to the inflamed vasculature.39 CXC3L1 also induces active migration of NK cells and by blocking the CX3CL1/CXCR3 pathway it has been shown that the NK cells no longer were able to clear the cancer cells in a mouse tumor model.40 We conclude that these elevated cytokine levels reflect an active immune system in the imatinib-treated patients, affecting mainly the NK cells, and this is also observed as an increased NK-cell percentage in these patients. Moreover, our analysis revealed that leukemic cell burden (as reflected by BCR-ABL IS%) during the treatment time correlated positively with several plasma proteins such as CCL4, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL10, CCL28, CX3CL1, IL-10RA, Flt3L, ST1A1, and TNF.