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C-C Chemokine Receptors
Published in Richard Horuk, Chemoattractant Ligands and Their Receptors, 2020
Kuldeep Neote, Shaun R. McColl
RANTES has been shown to be the most potent chemoattractant for eosinophils in vitro with activities equivalent to or higher then classical chemoattractants like C5a while MlP-1α has weaker effects.50,51 Meurer et al.52 have extended this observation and shown that intradermal challenge by RANTES induces a eosinophil infiltration in an animal model. In addition, MCP-3 and to a lesser extent MCP-2 have been shown to be chemoattractant towards eosinophils in vitro.32,33,53 The receptor responsible for these effects has been analyzed by cross-desensitization in the calcium flux and the chemotaxis assay.32,33,53 The results indicate that MCP-3 and RANTES interact with a common receptor and that MCP-2 also interacts with this receptor, but a higher concentration of MCP-2 is needed to activate the MCP3/RANTES receptor. In addition, the weaker responses to MIP-1α are most likely due to the presence of a MIP-1α/RANTES receptor that seems to have the same features as the CC-CKR1. Based on cross-desensitization studies, the array of C-C chemokine receptors predicted to be present on the eosinophil are schematically depicted in Figure 3.
Dermal Fibroblast Function
Published in Brian J. Nickoloff, Dermal Immune System, 2019
These studies which showed that fibroblasts could migrate in vitro and in vivo led us to develop an in vitro chemotaxis assay capable of measuring the directed migration of fibroblasts. The assay employs modified Boy den chemotaxis chambers equipped with gelatin-coated polycarbonate filters with 8-μm pores to separate the lower test compartment from the upper cell compartment of each chamber.116 By using this assay, our laboratory and others have identified a host of chemoattractants for these cells (Table 3).
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase expression and enhance the polarization and function of M1 macrophages in vitro
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Chol Seung Lim, Brandon Veltri, Michael Kashon, Dale W. Porter, Qiang Ma
We then examined if the induced production of LTB4 or PGE2 is involved in the chemotactic activity of macrophages induced by MWCNTs using the chemotactic cell migration assay with or without AA metabolism inhibitors before MWCNT treatment (Figure 4(D)). Cultured media from cells pretreated with Acebilustat at 1 µM prior to MWCNT or IFN-γ + LPS exposure reduced neutrophilic cell migration by 50.7% or 58.3%, respectively. At 5 µM, Acebilustat reduced MWCNT or IFN-γ + LPS-induced neutrophilic cell migration by 89.3% or 91.7%, respectively. Cultured media from cells pretreated with NS-398 at 2 µM or 10 µM did not reduce MWCNT- or IFN-γ + LPS-induced neutrophilic cell migration to a significant extent. Inhibition of the LTB4 receptor BLT1 by a specific inhibitor of the receptor LY293111 would block the chemotactic activity of LTB4 on neutrophils (Jackson et al. 1999). Treatment with LY293111 at 5 nM indeed reduced cell migration activity in the chemotaxis assay by 41.3% with 10 µg/ml MWCNTs, or by 46.0% with M1 inducer, respectively. At 25 nM, LY29311 reduced the cell migration activity by 76.4% with 10 µg/ml MWCNTs, or by 70.9% with M1 inducer, respectively. Therefore, LY293111 significantly reduced MWCNTs- or M1 inducer-induced neutrophilic cell migration in vitro, albeit the inhibition was not complete, with substantial residue activities remaining, indicating that additional chemotactic factors from M1 cells may contribute to MWCNT-induced chemotaxis to a certain extent. Together, these results imply that LTB4 is a potent and major mediator of MWCNT-triggered neutrophilic migration from M1 macrophages.
CXCL10-armed oncolytic adenovirus promotes tumor-infiltrating T-cell chemotaxis to enhance anti-PD-1 therapy
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Xiaofei Li, Mingjie Lu, Manman Yuan, Jing Ye, Wei Zhang, Lingyan Xu, Xiaohan Wu, Bingqing Hui, Yuchen Yang, Bin Wei, Ciliang Guo, Min Wei, Jie Dong, Xingxin Wu, Yanhong Gu
Lymph nodes were isolated from C57BL/6 mice and carefully ground into single cells and then were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL of penicillin, 100 mg/mL of streptomycin, soluble anti-CD3 (5 μg mL−1; 16–0031-86; eBioscience/Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), anti-CD28 (5 μg mL−1; 16–0281-86; eBioscience) and IL-2 (200 U mL−1; 212–12; Peprotech, NJ, USA) for 3 days.25,26 The chemotaxis assay was then performed in 24-well plates with Transwell permeable supports using a 5 μm polycarbonate membrane (3421; Corning Life Sciences, Tewksbury, MA, USA). Briefly, 500 µL of 1640 alone, the supernatant of control adenovirus (Adv-Ctrl)- or Adv-CXCL10-infected MC38-CAR or 1640 with 200 pg/mL of recombinant murine CXCL10 (rCXCL10; 250–16; Peprotech), all of which were supplemented with 10% FBS, were added to the lower well. The activated lymphocytes were washed and resuspended at 6 × 107 per mL in 1640 containing 0.3% FBS, among which 100 μL was loaded into each upper chamber, and the plates were incubated for 2 hours in a 5% CO2 humidified incubator at 37°C. After the incubation period, photos of the cells that migrated into the lower wells were taken under a microscope, and the number of cells was counted using a cell counter (Life Technology, USA). All the conditions were tested in triplicate.
Acteoside relieves mesangial cell injury by regulating Th22 cell chemotaxis and proliferation in IgA nephropathy
Published in Renal Failure, 2018
Lu Gan, Xiaozhao Li, Mengyuan Zhu, Chen Chen, Huimin Luo, Qiaoling Zhou
Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or median with minimum and maximum value. Data comparisons were performed using Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis or Mann–Whitney U-test of variable for ranking. Comparison of urinary protein excretion and Th22 cell expression before and after drug therapy was performed by using repeated measurement ANOVA. Variables in chemotaxis assay and co-culture assay were compared using Students’s t-test or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The correlations among variables were determined by calculating the Spearman rank correlation coefficients. p < .05 was set as the statistical significance. The exact p values were expressed as p < .001 if the p values was less than 1 × 1.0−3. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS 19.0 software package (International Business Machines Corporation, Chicago, IL, USA).