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Regulation of Eosinophil Mediator Release by Adhesion Molecules
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
At present, eosinophils are recognized as pro-inflammatory cells and likely play a major role in allergic diseases, such as bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. The eosinophil is an important source of cytotoxic proteins, lipid mediators, and oxygen metabolites, which have the potential to induce pathology in disease. Recent studies on cell adhesion molecules suggest that in addition to adhesive interactions, adhesion molecules modulate intracellular signaling pathways and regulate effector functions of the cells. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the potential roles of adhesion molecules as regulators of mediator release from eosinophils.
Neoplasia
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
It is not only the anatomical features of blood flow that explain the sites of metastases. The phrase ‘seed and soil’ was coined in the nineteenth century to describe the tendency of some cancers to spread to specific sites. This emphasizes the importance of the relationship between tumour cells (seed) and the site of metastasis (soil) in this process. This phenomenon is now explicable in terms of target tissues for metastasis bearing the appropriate extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules to allow tumour cells to stop in a given site and grow there.
Endothelial Cells
Published in John H. Barker, Gary L. Anderson, Michael D. Menger, Clinically Applied Microcirculation Research, 2019
Interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium is a routine physiologic function. Under normal circumstances, over 75% of granulocytes are adherent to the endothelium where they remain ready for release by specific stimuli to join the circulating pool. Lymphocytes, on the other hand, circulate through the plasma and, as part of their normal course, emigrate through specialized post-capillary venules in lymphoid tissues, returning to the plasma after a few hours. When this delicate system is upset by an inflammatory process, changes occur in the endothelium that allow not only adhesion but emigration of leukocytes to the site. These interactions of leukocytes with the endothelium are carefully controlled by specific adhesion molecules. At present, three different groups of adhesive receptors/ligands are known to participate in leukocyte adhesion. These include proteins of the integrin family or LEU-CAMS (leukocyte cellular adhesion molecules),53,54 members of the immunoglobulin-related molecules or ICAMs (intercellular adhesion molecules),55 and carbohydrate binding proteins called selectins or LEC-CAMs (lectinepidermal growth factor-complement cell adhesion molecule).56,57
Pathology of breast cancer metastasis and a view of metastasis to the brain
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Md Sakibuzzaman, Shahriar Mahmud, Tanzina Afroze, Sawsan Fathma, Ummul Barakat Zakia, Sabrina Afroz, Farzina Zafar, Maksuda Hossain, Amit Barua, Sabiha Akter, Hasanul Islam Chowdhury, Eram Ahsan, Shayet Hossain Eshan, Tasnuva Tarannum Fariza
The first step of metastasis is CD from the primary breast tumor. EMT allows the epithelial cells to lose cell polarity along with cell-cell adhesion and to differentiate into mesenchymal cells acquiring an increased ability to migrate, invade, and evade apoptosis [3,36–38]. However, EMT is not mandatory for breast cancer metastasis to all sites [35]. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) mainly consist of epithelial proteins (cadherin, selectin, and integrin). Among them, E-cadherin plays a vital role in epithelial cell adhesion [39]. Loss of E-cadherin facilitates CD. CD induces the expression of mesenchymal proteins (N-cadherin and vimentin), downregulates the expression of E-cadherin [40,41], and stimulates resistance to programmed cell death [41,42]. Thus, BCCs acquire a mesenchymal phenotype in the process of EMT. The Wnt signaling pathway regulates EMT. The knockdown of lncRNA UCA1 increases the expression of a crucial CAM, decreases the expression of mesenchymal proteins, and demotes the Wnt signaling pathway required for EMT [43]. Therefore, lncRNA UCA1 could be a therapeutic target to suppress EMT.
Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal cancer cells adhesion to endothelial cells and facilitates extravasation and metastasis by inducing ALPK1/NF-κB/ICAM1 axis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Ying Zhang, Lu Zhang, Sheng Zheng, Mengjie Li, Chaochao Xu, Dingjiacheng Jia, Yadong Qi, Tongyao Hou, Lan Wang, Boya Wang, Aiqing Li, Shujie Chen, Jianmin Si, Wei Zhuo
During metastasis, cancer cells leave the original tumor organ and migrate to the target metastasis organs through a process that involves intravasation, adhesion and extravasation, among which the adhesion to endothelial cells and trans-endothelial invasion of tumor cells are key steps in the metastatic process.3,4 Indeed, changes in the expression or functions of cell adhesion molecules have been implicated in all steps of tumor progression. Cell adhesion molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily commonly play critical and necessary roles in metastasis,5–7 among which intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) is a well-known transmembrane glycoprotein involved in cell-cell direct interactions.7 The interaction between ICAM1 and its specific ligand could facilitate the adhesion of cancer cells to the vascular endothelium and subsequently in the promotion of metastasis. Importantly, the expression of ICAM1 was positively correlated with cancer progression and metastasis.8–10
Using 3D in vitro cell culture models in anti-cancer drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
Spheroid cultures generally are easy 3D cell culture techniques that, despite some of their drawbacks, have been moving toward applications in high-throughput drug discovery [for comprehensive reviews see [2,50,51,72–74]]. Many cancer cells commonly cultured as monolayers adapt well to spheroid culture. Tumor spheroid models derived from established cell lines as well as those obtained through ex vivo propagation of tumors from individual patients (tumor organoids) have been established for a variety of tumor types. Spheroid formation relies on the self-aggregation of cells when cultured in the absence of an attachment surface. They are suited to study molecular and cellular mechanisms of cell–cell interactions when cells aggregate and the role of cell-cell adhesion molecules in cancer cell proliferation and drug response. With this, spheroids may be applicable in cancer drug discovery approaches targeting these intercellular interactions (tumor-tumor, tumor-fibroblast, tumor-immune cell, etc.) and the intracellular signaling pathways that are activated when cells engage with each other. However, it is important to note that cell aggregation alone is not representative of in vivo tumors. To be a more relevant representative of in vivo tumors, spheroid models will require culture for prolonged times to allow for spheroid formation through cell proliferation rather than cell aggregation. Drug discovery in cell aggregates over spheroids formed through proliferating cells and without an ECM-based tumor microenvironment may introduce biases regarding the ability of drug candidates to be effective in vivo.