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Malnutrition
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Laura Gearman, Catherine Larson-Nath
With appropriate nutrition intervention and treatment of underlying disease, if indicated, growth recovery is expected with weight being the main immediate measurement outcome. Weight represents the most rapid anthropometric measurement to change with nutritional rehabilitation. The expected degree and pace of change depends on the age of the child. Infants will have more rapid changes that can be seen on a day-to-day basis whereas it may take days to weeks to see improvements for older children and adolescents. When measuring the degree of gains, it is important to monitor for age-appropriate weight gains and catch-up growth. Catch-up growth occurs when weight gain velocity or linear growth velocity exceed what is expected for age. For children with malnutrition, catch-up growth is the growth needed to bring them back to their growth potential (Chapter 1).
Perinatal and Pediatric Outcome of Pregnancies Following PGT-M/SR/A
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Malou Heijligers, Christine de Die-Smulders
As mentioned earlier, rapid catch-up growth is associated with increased risk of certain health problems, like diabetes mellitus type 2, cardiovascular disease, and obesity [42–44]. The results on the growth of children born following PGT (including body mass index (BMI), height, weight, skin folds, waist and head circumference) are in line with the results regarding birth parameters, showing no actual abnormalities in young children [17,19–22,24,62]. These studies also report no measurable impact from PGT on the children's blood pressure. Comparable data regarding teenagers, adolescents, and adults born after PGT are not available yet, the adult data being particularly important to assess any increased risk of cardiometabolic disease, since these disorders are mostly not present before adulthood.
Postnatal Sequelae of Fetal Growth Retardation
Published in Asim Kurjak, John M. Beazley, Fetal Growth Retardation: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2020
The potential for catch-up growth depends on the timing, duration, and severity of growth failure. Catch-up growth does not occur when undernutrition is induced during the brain growth spurt. If it occurs during the subsequent body growth spurt, rapid catch-up growth is possible.23 Winick24 has shown in animal studies, and in pathological studies of infants dying in the first 6 months of life, that the critical phase of brain growth takes place before birth, and that all growth involving DNA synthesis and cell division is completed within the first few months of life. He showed that interference with growth during the phase of active cell division usually resulted in permanent stunting, but that similar interference during the later phase of individual cell enlargement resulted in a reversible growth impairment.25
Prenatal stress promotes insulin resistance without inflammation or obesity in C57BL/6J male mice
Published in Stress, 2021
Sofia Quiroga, Yamila Raquel Juárez, María Paula Marcone, María Agustina Vidal, Ana María Genaro, Adriana Laura Burgueño
Nowadays, stress seems a risk we are exposed daily and it is a prognostic factor for the early onset of complex and common age-related diseases (Kivimäki and Steptoe, 2018). Stress is a threat to physiological and/or psychological homeostasis. Exposure to prenatal stress (PS) increases the risk of short- and long-term adverse cognitive and physiological health outcomes (Entringer et al., 2015). Several studies have shown that PS is associated with a significant decrease in birth weight (Drago et al., 1999; Lesage et al., 2004). In recent years, it appears that rapid catch-up growth may be considered a risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease and its associated phenotypes (Berends et al., 2013; Kelishadi et al., 2015). In rodents, different effects on the offspring’s metabolic health have been reported (Cao-Lei et al., 2020).
Anthropometry and Body Composition of Preterm Neonates in the Light of Metabolic Programming
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Elisavet Parlapani, Charalampos Agakidis, Thomais Karagiozoglou–Lampoudi
On the contrary, there are studies that could not demonstrate any specific critical period of preterm infant/children growth associated with later cardiovascular and metabolic sequelae (12,74,75). Moreover, studies in AGA preterm infants reported a negative correlation between the change in weight z-scores during the first postnatal month and the percentage of fat mass at the age of 3 years (28) or no significant correlation between early catch-up growth and intra-abdominal body fat at the age of 3 years (72). It must be taken under consideration that in the latter study, early catch-up was defined as growth from birth until the first year of life, and that the definition of catch-up growth was unclear (a period of height velocity above the limits of normal growth after a period of growth restriction).
Fetal growth does not modify the relationship of infant weight gain with childhood adiposity and blood pressure in the Southampton women’s survey
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Tom Norris, Sarah R. Crozier, Noël Cameron, Keith M. Godfrey, Hazel Inskip, William Johnson
“Catch-up growth” during infancy has historically been determined based on linear growth. It has been considered a normal response to fetal constraint in-utero and part of the natural growth re-assortment that occurs in the first 1–2 years of life. For example, in the first 13 months of life, it has been observed that as many as two thirds of all infants shift centiles to achieve a new growth canal (Smith et al. 1976). More recently, focus has shifted to the epidemiology of “rapid infant weight gain”, with Ong et al reporting that more than 30% of infants display a change in weight-for-age SD score between 0–2 years >0.67 (Ong et al. 2000). If, as was originally thought for catch-up growth, rapid infant weight gain is a natural response to fetal constraint in-utero, it would not be expected to be associated with deleterious longer-term outcomes. However, the positive association observed between rapid infant weight gain and future adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors has also been reported both in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants (Corvalan et al. 2007; McCarthy et al. 2007; De Lucia Rolfe et al. 2010; Singhal 2017). This suggests that rapid weight gain in infancy, regardless of whether it is in response to a growth constraint in-utero, is deleterious for subsequent cardiometabolic health. A recent systematic review supports this view (Matthews et al. 2017); while a consistent positive association was observed between infant weight gain and subsequent obesity, 15 out of 18 eligible studies did not observe an interaction effect with birthweight. However, weight at birth is only a proxy for fetal growth and does not capture the patterns (e.g. fetal constraint) that lead to a given birthweight.