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Carriage of Oxygen in Blood
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Haemoglobin binds reversibly to oxygen and carries it in the blood from the lungs to the tissues for aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria. Other functions include the carriage of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs as carbaminohaemoglobin and acting as a buffer due to the large number of imidazole groups present in histidine moieties.
The respiratory system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Carbon dioxide can combine chemically with the terminal amine groups (NH2) in blood proteins. The most important of these proteins for this process is hemoglobin. The combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin forms carbaminohemoglobin:
Neurobiological Changes as an Explanation of Benefits of Exercise
Published in Henning Budde, Mirko Wegner, The Exercise Effect on Mental Health, 2018
To supply the body with the oxygen that is required during exercise, an individual must ventilate the lungs with ambient air. Thereafter, the oxygen contained within the ambient air must be transported across the lung’s alveolar membrane into the capillary network perfusing the lung, where it will bind to hemoglobin within the blood. Subsequently, the oxygen-rich blood must be pumped by the heart, though the vasculature, to the capillaries perfusing the working muscles, where the oxygen will dissociate from the hemoglobin before being used in the mitochondria contained within the muscle cells. Conversely, the resultant carbon dioxide that is produced must be excreted and is transported to the lung; about one-fifth of the carbon dioxide is transported bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin), with about 10% transported dissolved in blood plasma, and the remainder as bicarbonate ions. Thus, when exercise is initiated the respiratory and cardiovascular systems must respond accordingly.
Proteomic profiling of carbonic anhydrase CA3 in skeletal muscle
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Paul Dowling, Stephen Gargan, Margit Zweyer, Hemmen Sabir, Dieter Swandulla, Kay Ohlendieck
Carbon dioxide is an abundant by-product of cellular metabolism and requires efficient removal to prevent hypercapnia-associated cellular impairments and acid–base imbalance [1–3]. The swift elimination of carbon dioxide involves its transportation in the blood in its dissolved form and as bicarbonate ions, as well as in the form of carbamino-hemoglobin [4]. A scientific breakthrough in our understanding of how enzymatic activity is involved in this key process of metabolic homeostasis was the discovery of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) in erythrocytes [5]. This abundant enzyme reversibly catalyzes the continuous conversion of carbon dioxide and water into the dissociated ions of carbonic acid, i.e. bicarbonate and protons. Carbonic anhydrases, also named carbonate dehydratases (EC 4.2.1.1), belong to the class of lyases and the identification and characterization of diverse types of CAs led to the discovery of 8 distinct families, i.e. α, β, γ, δ, ζ, η, θ, ι genes that encode these enzymes [6–8] whereby various metals act as physiologically relevant cofactors of CAs [9]. Since these groups of proteins do not exhibit significant similarities in their amino acid sequence, they were probably generated by divergent evolutionary mechanisms. The α-family of CAs is present in mammals and consists of 16 isoforms with a broad tissue distribution pattern [10].