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Bioactive Constituents in Indian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Recognized for Brain Health Benefits
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Deepak Mundkinajeddu, Amit Agarwal, Gururaja Giligar Manjunatha, Vineet Kumar Singh
One of the well-studied effects of Ashwagandha in the scientific literature pertains to cholinergic system, particularly the modulation of acetylcholinesterase activity. On the one hand, the root powder can attenuate the inhibition of the enzyme and the cognitive impairment caused by the carbamate pesticide propoxur (Yadav et al., 2010). On the other hand, the alcoholic extract and aqueous extracts of the roots have been shown to reduce the increased acetylcholinesterase levels in rat brain induced by scopolamine (Visweswari et al., 2014). This is an indication of ability of Ashwagandha to exert a balancing effect on cholinergic system for brain health benefits. Withanolides, the steroidal lactones generally considered as the bioactive constituents of Ashwagandha, have been shown to inhibit acetylcholinesterase in vitro (Choudhary et al., 2004). Interestingly, chloroform–methanolic extract of Withania has also been shown with a reversal effect on behavioral deficits, plaque pathology, accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), and oligomers in AD models (Sehgal et al., 2012).
Acute Toxicity Testing by the Dermal Route
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Roy C. Myers, Lin val R. DePass
Records must be made of time to onset of each clinical sign, its duration, and the time to resolution (or, of course, to death). Although each animal should be closely observed, special attention may be paid to certain signs that are indicative of anticipated toxicity (for example, administration of a carbamate pesticide may typically be followed by salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, tremors, and convulsions; therefore, an investigator must watch carefully for these signs if a new pesticide is being studied).
Industrial and environmental agents
Published in James W. Albers, Stanley Berent, Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Neurological and Neuropsychological Perspectives, 2005
James W. Albers, Stanley Berent
It is estimated that two million suicide attempts involving OP compounds occur each year worldwide (Malik, Mubarik, & Romshoo, 1998; Jayaratnam, 1990). OPIDN is extremely rare, in spite of the widespread use of OP pesticides. Most reports involve OP compounds (Miranda et al., 2002), but OPIDN has occasionally been reported after ingestion of a carbamate pesticide (Dickoff et al., 1987). Carbamate pesticides differ structurally from OP pesticides, but they also inhibit AChE. Other than the historical reports of large outbreaks related to ingestion of triorthocresyl phosphate (TOCP) or tricresyl phosphate (TCP), neither of which is a pesticide, almost all recent reports involve massive exposures associated with intentional ingestion in attempted suicide. Of the patients described by Senanayake and Johnson (1982) and who developed OPIDN after an acute OP pesticide exposure, sensory symptoms were uncommon and mild. Sensory nerve conduction studies results were not reported for these patients.
Glutathione reductase and catalase as potential biomarkers for synergistic intoxication of pesticides in fish
Published in Biomarkers, 2019
Ankur Khare, Naina Chhawani, Kanchan Kumari
On the other hand, carbamate pesticide – carbaryl – breaks down in the environment primarily through hydrolysis and microbial degradation to 1-naphthol and carbon dioxide within a week or month time (Johnson et al.2009). A number of investigations have reported that most of the pesticides of OPs and carbamates (CM) are extremely toxic to non-target populations of freshwater fauna, adversely affecting the complex food-web, population dynamics and food web energetic (Mwila et al.2013, Murthy et al.2013, Mahboob et al. 2014). Exposure of fish and other aquatic animals to a pesticide depends on its biological availability, bioconcentration, biomagnification and its persistency in environment (Helfrich et al.2009).
Differential interactions of carbamate pesticides with drug transporters
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Nelly Guéniche, Arnaud Bruyere, Mélanie Ringeval, Elodie Jouan, Antoine Huguet, Ludovic Le Hégarat, Olivier Fardel
Stocked solutions of chemicals were commonly prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); final concentrations of solvent in transport assay medium did not exceed 0.2% (vol/vol). According to the PubChem database web-site (U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MA, USA) (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), all carbamate pesticides tested in the study were predicted to be water-soluble at 100 μM, which was the carbamate pesticide concentration initially retained for screening potential inhibitory effects towards transporter activities.
Subacute and subchronic methomyl exposure induced toxic effects on intestines via oxidative stress in male albino rats: biochemical and histopathological study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Kahina Chabane, M’hammed Amine Khene, Faiza Zaida, Lynda Ainouz, Jean Giaimis, Saâdia Mameri, Ahsene Baz
MET is a widely used carbamate pesticide in the control of a large range of insects. In addition to its advantages in agriculture, it has the potential to cause environmental pollution and health hazards for human and animal populations. The current study was designed to investigate any adverse effects of MET on some parts of the digestive system of adult male albino rats. The results from the present work indicate that subacute and subchronic MET exposure decreased final body weight, mass gain, and food and water consumption. These findings are in agreement with previous studies that reported a decrease in body weight after exposure of rats to different carbamate compounds such as carbofuran (Gbadegesin et al. 2014), carbosulfan (El-Bini Dhouib et al.2015), and MET (Mansour et al.2018). The decrease in body weight could be attributed to a reduction in food intake by disturbances in hormonal balance (Al-Shinnawy 2008) and/or to direct cytotoxic effects of MET on the intestines in treated rats. The intestine is a very important site of absorption of toxic compounds, alterations of which could probably induce abnormal nutrient uptake. According to Nagarjuna and Doss (2009), structural alterations noted in the duodenum of rats exposed to cypermethrin definitely lead to poor absorption of nutrients in experimental animals. In addition, absolute liver and stomach weights also decrease after exposure of rats to MET. Alterations in liver weight have been documented in several studies using different pesticides in rodents, such as deltamethrin (Saoudi et al.2011), MET (Djeffal et al. 2015), and diazinon (Karimani et al.2019). This disturbance in liver weight may be attributed to the toxic degenerative effect of MET on hepatocytes and/or to cell injury and histopathological alterations noted in rat liver tissue (data not shown). The lower absolute stomach weight could be attributed to the toxicity of MET to gastric cells. Özdemir et al. (2019) have reported epithelial necrosis in the stomach of dogs found dead 1–2 days after acute poisoning by MET. Manna et al. (2004) have also reported cytotoxic effects and hemorrhages in the stomach and intestine of rats treated with α-cypermethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide.