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Archaeosomes for Skin Injuries
Published in Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro, Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Monica Vazzana, Joana F. Fangueiro, Caterina Faggio, Antonello Santini, Eliana B. Souto
The most common phospholipids are phosphoserin, phosphoinositol, phosphoglycerol, phosphoetanolamin, and many phosphoglyicolipids; among them, the most common carbohydrates found among archaeal lipids are glucose, gulose, mannose, galactose, inositol, and N-acetylglucosamine, which can form mono-, di-, or oligosaccharides on one or both sides of caldarchaeol. Phosphoglycolipids with two polar head groups on both sides of the caldarchaeol may have glycerophosphate as the phosphoester moiety on one side and glucose alone or glucose and mannose, which form mono-, di-, or oligosaccharides as the sugar moiety on the other side. Replacement of one glycerol moiety of the core lipid backbone by a nonitol has also been observed [20].
In vitro evaluation of archaeosome vehicles for transdermal vaccine delivery
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2018
Yimei Jia, Michael J. McCluskie, Dongling Zhang, Robert Monette, Umar Iqbal, Maria Moreno, Janelle Sauvageau, Dean Williams, Lise Deschatelets, Zygmunt J. Jakubek, Lakshmi Krishnan
Archaeal lipid core structures have characteristic branched phytanyl chains, which are fully saturated in many species and are attached via ether bonds to the glycerol backbone carbons at the sn-2, 3 positions (Krishnan et al.2000). The core structure of the archaeobacterial ether lipids consists of either the standard diether lipid (archaeol; 2,3-di-O-phytanyl-sn-glycerol), which is the major portion of the total polar lipids (TPL) of extreme halophiles such as Halobacterium salinarum, or the standard tetraether lipid (caldarchaeol; 2,2′,3,3′-tetra-O-dibiphytanyl-sn-diglycerol), which comprise about 90% of Thermoplasma acidophilum (Langworthy 1977). The polar head groups, attached to the sn-1 glycerol carbon in the diethers and to the sn-1 and sn-1′ glycerol carbons in the tetraethers, can vary depending on the archaeal genus (Sprott et al.1997). For example, extreme halophilic Archaea, such as Halobacterium salinarum and Haloferax volcanii, contain large amounts of phospholipids, whereas Methanobrevibacter smithii which is composed of both caldarchaeol (40% mass fraction) and archaeol (60% mass fraction) core lipids, contains a relatively high amount of phosphoserine as head group (Sprott et al.1999). The chemical structures of archaeol and caldarchaeol core lipids are illustrated in Figure 1.