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Health and urban living
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been regarded as a marker of cancer transition because countries with more rapid economic growth show a more drastic increase in its incidence and mortality. An analysis of colon and rectal cancers from 39 countries by Wong et al. (2020a) surmised that the increasing incidence of CRC trends in developing countries may be caused by the changing dietary lifestyle with increased consumption of fat, sugar and animal-source foods, an expected trend with urbanisation. On the other hand, the incidence of CRC has been decreasing or stable in most developed countries. It is suggested that a high degree of economic and social development allows for the implementation of effective CRC screening programmes, leading to a long-term reduction in incidence. Reductions in mortality can also be due to the improved accessibility of treatment options and adjunctive therapy (Wong et al., 2020a), where well-developed cities have an obvious advantage.
Lynch Syndrome
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Andreas V. Hadjinicolaou, Mashiko Setshedi
Compared to sporadic CRC (with a 5-year cumulative survival rate of 44%), patients with LS have an improved prognosis with 65% 5-year survival [89]. Other factors associated with better prognosis are age younger than 65 years and patients with CRC from families with a history of LS compared to those with sporadic CRC [90–93]. Factors associated with worse prognosis are tumors with elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide (EMAST) repeats. These tumors tend to be poorly differentiated, with mucinous features and located in the right colon. These EMAST repeats have become a biomarker of prognosis and tumor type. In addition, BRAF-positive mutations are associated with lower 5-year survival rates [94].
Cancer surveillance and screening
Published in David Westaby, Martin Lombard, Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy A problem-oriented approach, 2019
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. In the UK, more than 28 000 new cases are diagnosed, with 19 000 deaths occurring from the disease per year. In America, assuming a life expectancy of 80 years, there is a 6% lifetime risk of developing CRC, and in over 50% of people the condition will prove fatal. Five-year survival rates vary dramatically depending upon the stage of the disease. For localized disease, a 92% 5-year survival rate is expected, for regional disease 62%, and for metastatic disease just 7% [1]. Treatment of CRC is costly and not without considerable morbidity and mortality. CRC prevention or detection at an early stage is, therefore, one of the most important goals of modern health care.
Generation and in vivo characterization of a novel high-affinity human antibody targeting carcinoembryonic antigen
Published in mAbs, 2023
Louis Plüss, Frederik Peissert, Abdullah Elsayed, Giulia Rotta, Jonas Römer, Sheila Dakhel Plaza, Alessandra Villa, Emanuele Puca, Roberto De Luca, Annette Oxenius, Dario Neri
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, with almost two million newly diagnosed cases per year.1 The introduction of extensive screening programs led to earlier detection of CRC in many patients.2 Nevertheless, over 20% of patients are diagnosed after the malignant cells have metastasized to other tissues, such as the liver, lungs, lymph nodes, peritoneum, or soft tissues.3 Unresectable metastatic CRC (mCRC) is conventionally treated with a cocktail of chemotherapeutic agents, often based on 5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, irinotecan, and/or oxaliplatin.4 Patients with KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild-type tumors typically receive combination regimens of antibody-based therapeutics targeting angiogenic and tumor growth factors (e.g., anti-EGFR, anti-VEGF antibodies).4 Nonetheless, the prognosis for mCRC patients remains very poor, with an overall survival rate of less than 15%, highlighting the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies.5 Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown clinical activity in various malignancies.6–11 However, activity in mCRC patients is generally low, with exceptions made for a small proportion of subjects with a high level of microsatellite instability or changes to a mismatch repair gene who benefit from treatment with checkpoint inhibitors.12
Utility of repeat colonoscopy within 1 year: a patient-level analysis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2023
Busara Songtanin, Abbie Evans, Sebastian Sanchez, Vanessa Costilla, Kenneth Nugent
Approximately 3300 colonoscopies are done annually in University Medical Center’s tertiary care hospital-based endoscopy center. Consequently, the number of repeat colonoscopies reviewed in this study represents a very small percentage of the total colonoscopies per year. The majority of repeat colonoscopies in this study involved patients with new gastrointestinal symptoms, patients with polyps, and patients with poor bowel preparations. Twenty-eight patients (26%) had symptoms that led to repeat colonoscopies. These symptoms included abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and gastrointestinal bleeding, which raised concerns about CRC. Follow-up endoscopic findings included diverticulosis, mucosal inflammation, polyps, and normal findings. After exclusion of patients who had repeat colonoscopies for CRC surveillance, poor bowel preparation, and a previous diagnosis of colon cancer, 11 patients (39.3%) had different findings on second colonoscopies, and 7 patients (25%) had changes in management. This suggests that the indications and short intervals for doing repeat colonoscopies were based on clinical symptoms, especially new symptoms, such as weight loss, hematochezia, and melena, which might be explained by malignancy despite the previous normal colonoscopy.
Apoptosis Induction through MAPK Signaling Pathway in LoVo Cells by Fatty Acid Fraction from Rice Bran Oil
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Patamapan Tamvapee, Ramida Watanapokasin
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is formed by an uncontrolled cell growth in colon or rectum or appendix. CRC is the third commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in combined men and women worldwide (1). In Thailand, CRC is one of five cancer types contributed to over half of the cancer burden (2). The risk of developing CRC increases with age, family history of CRC, heredity conditions such as polyposis and personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (3). Diet is one of the main environmental factors with 90% of CRC reported to be associated with high intake of saturated fat, red meat, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and low intake of fibers and vitamins (4). The current available treatment for CRC includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy (5). However, surgery is only curative when the disease is diagnosed at an early stage. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are associated with numerous side effects (6). In recent years, the potential role of nutrients as preventive or therapeutic agents has been one of the main focuses in cancer research.