Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Spontaneous Induction of Bone Formation by Intrinsically Osteoinductive Bioreactors for Human Patients
Published in Ugo Ripamonti, The Geometric Induction of Bone Formation, 2020
As stated in previous communications (Ripamonti 2017; Ripamonti 2018), the theme of geometry regulating cell differentiation and transformation with the induction of the osteogenic phenotype was established in the last century by the seminal papers of Reddi’s group (Reddi and Huggins 1973; Reddi 1974; Sampath and Reddi 1984). We believe, however, that the fundamental contribution of the role of geometry to the induction of tissue formation is still poorly understood (Ripamonti 2017; Ripamonti 2018). It is also, and regretfully so, seldom cited in spite of the by now plethora of communications on the effect of geometry on multiple pathways. Pathways encompass the induction of angiogenesis and capillary architecture (Sun et al. 2014). Geometric cues regulate and direct stem cell differentiation (Vlacic-Zischke et al. 2011), including branching morphogenesis (Nelson et al. 2006; Gjorevski and Nelson 2009) or in general, topographically controlling cell induction and differentiation (Gospodarowicz et al. 1978; Brunette 1988; Ahn et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2018; McNamara et al. 2010; Clark et al. 1987; Clark et al. 1990; Curtis and Wilkinson 1997; Miyoshi and Adachi 2014; Lamers et al. 2010; Kim et al. 2012; Bettinger et al. 2009; Yang et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2017; Fiedler et al. 2013; Yoon et al. 2016; Metavarayuth et al. 2016; Karageorgiu and Kaplan 2005; Killian et al. 2010; Sammons et al. 2005; Curran et al. 2006; Muller et al. 2008; Yang et al. 2010; Gittens et al. 2011; Wilkinson et al. 2011; McNamara et al. 2011; Costa-Rodrigues et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2018).
Structural Methods in the Study of Development of the Lung
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Paul Davies, Daphne deMello, Lynne M. Reid
During the embryonic and pseudoglandular stages the airways are blind-ending tubes lined by cuboidal epithelium and surrounded by an extensive mesenchymal stroma. During the canalicular phase of fetal development, branching morphogenesis forms the acinus. This process has been studied by conventional techniques in several species. In the human (Boyden, 1974), monkey (Boyden, 1976), and dog (Boyden and Tompsett, 1961), wax reconstructions were used. Recently in the mouse it has been viewed directly in organ culture, using differential interference contrast and immunofluorescent localization of basement membrane antigens (Chen and Little, 1987). Reconstruction is now relatively easy because of the ready availability of software computer programs and megabyte storage of digitized images (Mercer and Crapo, 1987).
Developmental Aspects of the Alveolar Epithelium and the Pulmonary Surfactant System
Published in Jacques R. Bourbon, Pulmonary Surfactant: Biochemical, Functional, Regulatory, and Clinical Concepts, 2019
Jacques R. Bourbon, Caroline Fraslon
Grossly, ECM is formed of fibrous proteins (collagens and elastin), proteoglycans, themselves containing a core protein and various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and cell adhesion proteins. Basement membrane is characterized by the specific presence of collagen IV and also contains proteoglycans and cell adhesion proteins such as laminin and fibronectin. Both epithelial and interstitial cells appear to participate in the construction of basement membrane.76 On a general manner, ECM components are considered as mediators of cell-cell interactions in organogenesis.77–79 GAGs especially appear to play a major role in branching morphogenesis.79 Produced mostly by epithelial cells, they maintain the morphology of the epithelial structures.80 The interstitial cells remodel ECM through degradation of GAGs.81 They can either stabilize or weaken basement membrane by modifying its GAG content, thus allowing changes in morphology.82 High GAG turnover has effectively been observed in areas of active epithelial branching.83 These mechanisms appear to be implicated in the branching process of the bronchial tree.82
Congenital alacrima
Published in Orbit, 2022
Zhenyang Zhao, Richard C. Allen
Branching morphogenesis is a key embryonic process for developing the tree-like architecture of multiple organs including lacrimal and salivary glands. Mesenchymal expression of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) is necessary for lacrimal gland development through interaction with its ligand, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), localized to the epithelium.63 Allelic heterogeneity of FGF10 mutations cause both aplasia of the lacrimal and salivary glands (ALSG) and lacrimo-auriculo-dento-digital (LADD) syndrome. Additional causative mutations in FGFR2 or FGFR3, are also identified in LADD,64 which covers a wider spectrum of malformations, including the dental, auditory, and digital abnormalities. Both conditions follow an autosomal dominant inheritance. Involvement of the lacrimal excretory apparatus is frequently reported, including hypoplastic or aplasia of puncta, nasolacrimal duct obstruction and dacryocystocele.29,30,32 Oculofacial features such as telecanthus, hypertelorism and congenital ptosis are found in LADD but absent in ALSG.
Development of a novel nano-sized anti-VEGFA nanobody with enhanced physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Farnaz Khodabakhsh, Dariush Norouzian, Behrouz Vaziri, Reza Ahangari Cohan, Soroush Sardari, Fereidoun Mahboudi, Mahdi Behdani, Kamran Mansouri, Ardavan Mehdizadeh
Despite remarkable changes in physicochemical properties of fused protein, in vitro biological activity was not altered after coupling of the sequence when studied by antiproliferative, migration and angiogenesis assays. Proliferation assay showed PAS fused protein and un-fused form inhibited equally proliferation of ECs, however, none of them could prevent the proliferation of HEK293 cells because of lacking VEGFR2 receptor. The scratch wound healing assay was used to study cell migration in vitro [38]. Nanobody and PASylated form, as well as bevacizumab similarly, inhibited the migration of ECs at a dose range of 2–15 µg/ml. Additionally, an EC branching morphogenesis assay was done to investigate the anti-vascularizing effect of the PAS sequence. Quantification of the number of capillary-like structures in microscopic images well clarified the inhibition of tube formation in ECs on a three-dimensional basement membrane matrix. Although this inhibition phenomenon was observed in a dose-depended manner for all proteins, nevertheless the inhibitory effect was significantly more in the case of nanobody as compared to fused protein. This reduction could be explained by the smaller size of nanobody, which allows more penetration of the molecule into its site of action because this decreased inhibitory effect could be compensated by adding higher concentrations of the PASylated protein to obtain the same inhibitory effect. In addition, as depicted in the images, the length of such branched structures was also apparently decreased after treatment with all proteins.
Lung regeneration using amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Alireza Azargoon, Babak Negahdari
For example, Collagens types IV and V, Laminin, Fibronectin, and Tenascin-all components of the extracellular matrix-are thought to play either a permissive or a stimulatory role in branching of the bronchial buds. Likewise, the regulation of expression of receptors for these matrix components has also been implicated in control of branching morphogenesis.