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Allergic and Immunologic Reactions
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Saira N. Agarwala, Aspen R. Trautz, Sylvia Hsu
As would be expected, patients with larger body surface area involvement have higher mortality. Additionally, patients with total body surface area involvement of >30% have a significantly increased risk of developing bloodstream infections from Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Paediatric clinical pharmacology
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Dosing is most often calculated per unit of body weight. For some drugs (anticancer agents, steroids), the dose is calculated as a function of body surface area. Maturational profile, as a function of age, requires an individual drug-dose adjustment, particularly for drugs with a narrow therapeutic interval. Individual dose adjustment requires appropriate drug formulation.
Burns
Published in Alexander Trevatt, Richard Boulton, Daren Francis, Nishanthan Mahesan, Take Charge! General Surgery and Urology, 2020
Estimating body surface area of burn: Rule of Nines: In adults the body can be divided into anatomical regions that represent 9%, or multiples of 9%, of the total body surface area (TBSA). The head and each upper limb represent 9%, the front of the torso, back of the torso and each lower limb represent 18% and genitalia 1% (Figure 21.1).The palmar surface of the patient's hand is approximately 1% TBSA.In children TBSA differs considerably: The use of a Lund and Browder chart is the most accurate method to determine TBSA, taking into account changes with age and growth.
Beyond heat exposure — new methods to quantify and link personal heat exposure, stress, and strain in diverse populations and climates: The journal Temperature toolbox
Published in Temperature, 2023
Gisel Guzman-Echavarria, Ariane Middel, Jennifer Vanos
For example, the distinction between males and females is expressed by a higher mass and surface corporal area in the male’s profile. The dimension of the body surface area (Ad) is the interface that mediates heat exchanges with the external environment: both d. Simultaneously, body mass has two roles from a thermodynamic perspective: working as an internal heat sink, thus contributing to thermal inertia, and regulating the energy expenditure cost of weight-bearing exercise [69]. Therefore, a higher mass assumes higher internal metabolic heat and more intense external heat exchanges, thus demanding more heat loss (Figure 5 a,b and Figure 11 a,b). However, a higher
Platelets after burn injury – hemostasis and beyond
Published in Platelets, 2022
B. Z. Johnson, A. W. Stevenson, L. W. Barrett, M. W Fear, F. M. Wood, M. D. Linden
Treatment is dictated by factors local to the wound, the percentage total body surface area (%TBSA) involved and the depth of injury, along with the individual’s systemic capacity to heal. The initial response to burn injury is coagulative necrosis; this tissue disruption then further drives systemic inflammation and immune responses [7]. The burn injury is associated with acute disruption in endothelial integrity requiring a period of resuscitation and edema control, to maintain organ function and facilitate tissue salvage. The aim is to facilitate rapid wound healing and restoration of function, whilst increasing evidence suggests that burn injury is also associated with a chronic lifelong systemic impact on health [5,8]. Platelets are significant in the context of burn injury from two perspectives: platelet function is a vital component of the acute response, with clot formation initiating the processes of wound healing at injury and at times of surgery; and second the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is higher in burn survivors compared to the general population, which may be mediated by platelet dysfunction [9].
How can we optimize the development of drugs for wound healing?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Evelina Vågesjö, Patricia Grigoleit, Andreas Fasth, Mia Phillipson
When outlining the translational program, the specific intended-to-treat wound indication is preferably already known, as the etiology of skin wounds greatly influences the wound-healing cascade. For instance, components of the immune system as well as the wound microbiome are greatly affected by age and underlying conditions including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, which have consequences on the wound healing capacity, and thereby also affect the outcome of therapy [8,13,14]. Thus, as the wound microenvironment and healing capabilities may differ vastly for different wound indications, the non-clinical models should be designed to capture all aspects of the underlying pathologies or conditions of non-healing wounds of different etiologies as closely as possible. This ensures an appropriate design of the translational in vivo program that optimizes the chances of the identified mechanism of action (MOA) also being relevant for the specific wound indication targeted. Furthermore, species differences have to be acknowledged and addressed, and the wounds of different species can be scaled using % body surface area to align wound volume and size investigated. The proof of concept can only be strengthened by the confirmation of a relevant MOA across species, and ultimately by the healing of wounds in humans.