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Nutraceuticals for Maternal and Offspring’s Chronic Disease
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Significant alterations in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) may predispose children to increased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer (Bai, Behera & Bruner 2018). On the other hand, dysbiosis in the gut during the treatment phase of cancer may alter chemotherapy and increase the cancer-related symptoms (Kelly et al. 2016). Additionally, dysbiosis in gut microbiota may cause alterations in mood and promote depression in patients with cancer (Naseribafrouei et al. 2014). Therefore, based on the current evidence it seems that modulation in gut microbiome by certain probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may have beneficial roles in the prevention and treatment of pediatric cancers. Among the probiotic strains, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium breve have been shown to attenuate chemotherapy side effects such as the occurrence of fever and infections in children with cancer (Ekert et al. 1980; Wada et al. 2010). Additionally, a prebiotic supplement such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS) being taken by children during the chemotherapy phase might help the growth of beneficial gut microbiota like Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria (Zheng et al. 2006). Unfortunately, safety concerns were not reported in previous RCTs in this regard (Wada et al. 2010; Zheng et al. 2006). Further studies are needed to determine the effective strains of probiotics and proper components of prebiotics alongside their probable side effects in the treatment of pediatric cancers.
Bacteria and Bioactive Peptides
Published in Prakash Srinivasan Timiri Shanmugam, Understanding Cancer Therapies, 2018
Ameer Khusro, Chirom Aarti, Paul Agastian
Pathogens frequently cause cell death in infected tissues. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the principal physiological process for eliminating unnecessary cells during embryogenesis, in the development and regulation of the immune system, and during normal cell turnover in many tissues (Marsden et al. 2002). Necrosis is usually associated with tissue injury from an interruption in the vascular supply, decreased oxygenation, or various noxious environmental factors (Majno and Joris 1995). Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium adolescentis have also been shown to target model tumors and act as reliable gene therapy vectors (Hidaka et al. 2007).
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Published in Mary J. Marian, Gerard E. Mullin, Integrating Nutrition Into Practice, 2017
Bifidobacteria-fermented milk (BFM) contains Bifidobacterium breve, B. bifidum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and has been shown to be effective in treating active UC in a small randomized placebo-controlled trial of 20 patients. BFM was found to increase the stool concentration of butyrate and SCFAs [61]. Another trial showed BFM maintains remission and can prevent flares [62].
Symbiotic microorganisms: prospects for treating atopic dermatitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Rongrong Chai, Zongguang Tai, Yunjie Zhu, Chaochao Chai, Zhongjian Chen, Quangang Zhu
Probiotics are living microorganisms that have been extensively studied and shown to provide a protective shield across the intestinal mucosa [50]. Currently, the most commonly used and well-studied probiotics are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [51]. The development of AD may be associated with decreased probiotics in the digestive tract. Among infants delivered by cesarean section, 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing revealed significant differences in the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Enterobacteriaceae between infants with and without AD, with infants without AD having higher bacterial counts [52]. Infants at 1 week and 3 months of age whose intestines were colonized by Bifidobacterium breve had a reduced risk of developing eczema [53]. Another study confirmed low levels of Bifidobacterium in infants with AD [54]. Temporal variations in probiotic colonization patterns early in life are associated with the development of AD in high-risk infants who have at least one family member (mother, father, and/or older sibling) with atopic eczema, allergic rhinitis, or asthma. Modulating the number of symbiotic microorganisms through probiotic supplementation may provide a means of preventing AD in patients with a high SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Oral probiotics can increase the number of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria and reduce the number of Clostridium spp [55]. Data from preclinical studies on probiotics for the treatment of AD are summarized in Table 2.
The high prevalence of Clostridioides difficile among nursing home elders associates with a dysbiotic microbiome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
John P. Haran, Doyle V. Ward, Shakti K. Bhattarai, Ethan Loew, Protiva Dutta, Amanda Higgins, Beth A. McCormick, Vanni Bucci
Bile acids, detergent-like biological substances synthesized in the liver from cholesterol, play an important role in the physiology of intestinal bacteria and influence their functionality.43C. difficile is dependent upon accessing and modifying endogenous bile salts.57 We observed increased abundances of species that grow when exposed to increasing concentrations of bile acids among elders with multiple C. difficile positive samples. Several members of the Bacteroides genus had higher abundances among C. difficile colonized elders. In general, Bacteroides is a bile resistant genus while Bacteroides fragilis, specifically, is known to play a key role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids.36 We also found Bifidobacterium breve following the same trend as another species that survives in bile.43 Interestingly, Bifidobacterium longum, which has one of the lowest survival rates in bile among the Bifidobacterium genus,58 was found at lower abundances among C. difficile colonized elders. Other species following this trend of growth in bile and higher abundances in C. difficile colonized elders include Alistipes putredinis,59Anaerofustis stercorihominis,42Bilophila wadsworthia,60 and the pathogens Shigella and Escherichia coli.61 It is thought that decreases in secondary bile acids may provide a favorable environment in which C. difficile can grow and colonize.62
Effects of anti-aging interventions on intestinal microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Yanjiao Du, Yue Gao, Bo Zeng, Xiaolan Fan, Deying Yang, Mingyao Yang
Probiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”.126Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are most commonly used. A large number of probiotics with anti-aging potential have been identified in various animal models. Some clinical studies have even proven the potential of some probiotics for the treatment of diseases such as intestinal diseases, metabolic diseases and neurological diseases.127,128 For example, probiotic intervention may reduce the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea by 51% with no apparent increase in the risk of side effects.129Bifidobacterium breve B-3 has potential as a functional food ingredient to reduce body fat in healthy preobese individuals.130 Consumption of Lactobacillus plantarum C29-fermented soybean for 12 weeks by elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment showed improvements in cognitive functions.131