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Bacteria
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Cholera remains a major problem in Third World countries and in any area where water supplies are contaminated with domestic sewage. Incidence of the disease increased about 20-fold between 1938 and 1988. The disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae, a curved Gram-negative rod that adheres to the mucosa within four to six hours. The cholera toxin of especially virulent strains (V. cholerae 01 or 0139) is an A-B subunit toxin (see E. coli toxins, above) that stimulates adenylate cyclase production which increases intracellular levels of cAMP. in turn, cAMP initiates secretion of both water and ions from the gut epithelial cells. It is the loss of water and salt that causes the shock characteristic of the disease. Ten to fifteen percent of those infected may die. Treatment is to restore water and electrolyte balance. The patient is made to consume sufficient balanced salt solution to replace the lost water and salt. Endemic infections occur in areas with poor sewage and water treatment facilities. Transmission occurs by contamination of food and water by the diarrheal feces. Between the epidemics the organisms probably survive as harmless parasites of copepods and other animals living in rivers, ponds and estuaries. It is probable that the organism came originally from rivers in northern India.
Colloid versus Crystalloids
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Alan Lisbon, Stephen Heard, 50 Landmark Papers, 2021
For the patient with hypotension due to hypovolemia, one of the first therapeutic interventions is fluid replacement. The options for replacement include crystalloids or colloids. The three main crystalloids are hypertonic saline, normal (0.9%) saline (NS), and balanced (buffered) salt solutions. The most commonly used balanced salt solution in the United States is lactated Ringer's (LR). The colloids include albumin, starch, and gelatin solutions.
Use of the temporary keratoprosthesis in ocular trauma repair
Published in A Peyman MD Gholam, A Meffert MD Stephen, D Conway MD FACS Mandi, Chiasson Trisha, Vitreoretinal Surgical Techniques, 2019
Maurice B Landers III, Steven M Williams
The sclerotomies are closed with 7-0 Vicryl sutures. If necessary, balanced salt solution is injected through the pars plana into the vitreous cavity to return the eye to normal pressure. The conjunctival peritomy is sutured and ocular medications are administered.
Inhibition of Posterior Capsule Opacification by Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of Short Hairpin RNAs Targeting TERT in a Rabbit Model
Published in Current Eye Research, 2023
Na He, Xiangxiang Zhang, Peiling Xie, Jialing He, Zhigang Lv
All rabbits received phacoemulsification surgery on their right eye that was performed by one ophthalmologist (Dr. Na He). The animals were anesthetized with a combination of phenobarbital sodium (1 ml/kg, China) and pentobarbital (12 mg/kg, Sigma, St Louis, MO) by intravenous injection via the ear vein. The eyes were cleaned with saline and povidone-iodine. Additionally, 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride eye drops (ALCAINE, Alcon) were applied as a topical anaesthetic. After making a 3.2 mm perilimbal incision, the viscoelastic agent was injected into the anterior chamber followed by continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with a diameter of 5 mm. A balanced salt solution containing 0.01% epinephrine was used as the irrigation solution. After hydrodissection and hydrodileation, the nucleus and cortex of the lens were removed by phacoemulsification and irrigation/aspiration (Pulsar, Italy). The wound was sutured with 10-0 nylon sutures. Then, 0.1 ml PBS containing 108 pfu adenovirus vector was injected into the remaining capsular bag according to the previous report.16 Tobramycin/dexamethasone eye drops (Tobradex, Alcon) and ointment were applied four times a day for 2 weeks after surgery. Anterior segment photography and intraocular pressure (iCare, Finland) measurements were performed at 1, 7, 14, and 28 d postoperatively. Lens capsule bags with LECs were removed from the eyes that had undergone surgery and used as PCO samples at different time points.
Corneal dellen development after strabismus surgery
Published in Strabismus, 2021
Ahmet Kürşad Sakallioğlu, Rüveyde Garip
All patients underwent surgery with a conjunctival limbal-approach by four different surgeons. All surgeons were using the same surgical approach. The first and second surgeons had more than 10 years of experience in strabismus surgery, and 1123 of the operations were performed by these surgeons. The two least experienced surgeons had 5 years of surgical experience and performed the remaining surgeries. Dellen development was not encountered among 141 operations performed by the two least experienced surgeons. Conjunctiva was closed with 8–0 not buried absorbable sutures. During surgery, a balanced salt solution was used for corneal irrigation. Antibiotic drops were instilled in the eyes at the end of the surgery. All eyes were left open and all patients were hospitalized for at least 1 day.
Simulation of respiratory tract lining fluid for in vitro dissolution study
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Rakesh Bastola, Paul M. Young, Shyamal C. Das
Here, we discuss the major types of dissolution media that have been used for in vitro dissolution studies of inhaled particles/drugs. In 2005, phagolysosomal simulant fluid was used by Stefaniak et al., to study the dissolution of beryllium aerosol particle [44]. Similarly, Midander et al. performed metal release measurements of stainless steel powder particles in media (artificial lysosomal fluid and Gamble’s solution) simulating lung-like environments [45]. Compositions of phagolysosomal simulant fluid [44], artificial lysosomal fluid [45] and Gamble’s solution [45] are shown in Table 1. Likewise, Haghi et al. used Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) as a medium for in vitro study [46]. HBSS is commercially available and composed of inorganic salts and glucose. It contains CaCl2 dihydrate, MgSO4 (anhydrous), KCl, KH2PO4 (anhydrous), NaHCO3, NaCl, Na2PO4 (anyhydrous) and D-Glucose [47]. Simulated RTLFs most commonly used for in vitro dissolution study of inhaled particles/drugs are summarized in Table 2 [6,25,40,48–53].