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Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In humans, the main source of chloride is dietary sodium chloride (NaCl) or table salt. Recent publication reported that dietary salt intake is the primary Cl− source with about 6–12 g of NaCl per day, (respectively 100–200 mmol of Cl− ion per day) (15). The concentration of Cl− ion is subject to more variation than that of sodium, since other anions, especially bicarbonate (HCO3−), can exchange for the chloride (8). Cl− has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate, which acts as the major acid-base buffer in humans to maintain acid-base balance through reciprocal transport into and out of erythrocytes and renal tubule (15–16).
The patient with acute endocrine problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
DKA and HHS are caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of effective circulating insulin with associated increased levels of glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol and growth hormone. These result in increased glycogenolysis by the liver, generating hyperglycaemia. In DKA, the deficiency of insulin and increased counter-regulatory hormones lead to increased lipolysis and production of ketone bodies, with a resulting metabolic acidosis. The disturbed acid-base balance due to the metabolic acidosis is due to the dissociation of the H+ ion from the ketone body acetoacetic acid. Patients with HSS do not develop ketoacidosis, but the mechanism for this is unclear.
The respiratory system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
The cells of the body require a continuous supply of oxygen to produce energy and carry out their metabolic functions. Furthermore, these aerobic metabolic processes produce carbon dioxide, which must be continuously eliminated to regulate acid-base balance, or the concentration of H+ ions in the blood. Therefore, the primary functions of the respiratory system include: Obtaining oxygen from the external environment and supplying it to the body’s cellsEliminating carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism from the body
Design and synthesis of benzothiazole-based SLC-0111 analogues as new inhibitors for the cancer-associated carbonic anhydrase isoforms IX and XII
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Tarfah Al-Warhi, Mostafa M. Elbadawi, Alessandro Bonardi, Alessio Nocentini, Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy, Nada Aljaeed, Ohoud J. Alotaibi, Hatem A. Abdel-Aziz, Claudiu T. Supuran, Wagdy M. Eldehna
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are family of ubiquitous zinc-metalloenzymes present in the whole organisms1. These enzymes catalyse the essential conversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and proton in a crucial process accountable for diverse cellular activities such as electrolyte secretion, bone resorption, maintenance of acid-base balance, gluconeogenesis, CO2 and pH homeostasis, calcification and tumorgenicity2–4. The human CAs (hCAs) are relevant to α-CAs isozymes and sub-categorized into fifteen isoforms displaying distinct cellular distribution, levels of expression, kinetics and molecular features5,6. Of special interest, the catalytic activity of CAs I-IV, VA, VB, VI, VII, IX, XII-XIV isoforms is due to the presence of three histidine residues in the active site in coordination with zinc7. Furthermore, hCAs are classified upon cellular distribution into cytosolic (hCAs I, II, III, VII and XIII), trans membrane (hCAs IV, IX, XII, and XIV), mitochondrial (hCAs VA and VB), and hCA VI is secreted in milk and saliva8,9. The abnormal levels of these enzymes have been associated with many diseases; thus inhibitors of the CAs have potential applications in the treatment of glaucoma, edoema, obesity and mental problems1,7,9,10.
Calcium and pH value might predict persistent renal failure in acute pancreatitis in the early phase
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Xuanfu Chen, Meng Jin, Yi Li, Yamin Lai, Xiaoyin Bai, Hong Yang, Hong Lv, Jiaming Qian
The two parameters were simple, quantitative and easy to obtain. However, their mechanisms of predicting renal injury are likely multifactorial. With respect to pH, on the one hand, some AP patients lost intravascular blood volume due to severe response to pancreatic injury, which led to a decrease of the renal perfusion and then caused renal failure. On the other hand, a complex inflammatory network combined with (peri)pancreatic necrosis influenced the severity of the renal failure, and the latter exacerbated the development of pancreatitis3. The acid–base balance was maintained by pulmonary excretion of carbon dioxide, metabolic utilization of organic acids and renal excretion of nonvolatile acids. Respiratory compensation in metabolic acidosis or alkalosis was a rapid response. For instance, the reaction of metabolic acidosis began within 30 min14 and was completed within 12–24 h. If the respiratory disorder persisted for more than minutes to hours, the kidneys responded by producing more significant changes in serum HCO3. As it always took hours for patients to reach the hospital, the pH was regulated by renal compensation. So we could conclude that a lower pH level on admission indicated impaired renal compensatory function and was more likely to be associated with PRF. Previous research has found that lower arterial pH on admission could better predict an adverse outcome in patients with AP15. Meanwhile, lower blood pH suggests higher mortality, elevated severity scores and longer hospital stay in AP patients, which is similar to our results16.
Effects of electrolyzed hydrogen water ingestion during endurance exercise in a heated environment on body fluid balance and exercise performance
Published in Temperature, 2020
Hiroto Ito, Shigeru Kabayma, Kazushige Goto
On exercise days, the subjects visited the laboratory following an overnight fast. They were instructed to finish dinner before 22:00 the previous night. After arriving at the laboratory, a cannula was inserted into an antebrachial vein (after a 30 min rest). Blood samples were collected six times: before exercise (after a 30 min rest); every 15 min during the 60 min pedal; and immediately after the incremental pedaling test. The blood samples were used to measure blood glucose, lactate, serum total protein (TP), and albumin and glycerol concentrations. Blood gas and acid–base balance parameters (e.g., blood pH and lactate concentration) and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit were also evaluated. Serum samples were obtained by centrifugation (3,000 rpm, 10 min, 4°C) and stored at – 60°C until analyses. Blood glucose and lactate concentrations were measured using an automatic glucose analyzer (Free Style; Nipro Corporation, Osaka, Japan) and lactate analyzer (Lactate Pro; Arkray, Kyoto, Japan). Serum TP and albumin concentrations were measured at a clinical laboratory (SRL, Tokyo, Japan). Serum glycerol concentrations were determined in duplicate using a commercial kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) for measurement for glycerol concentration was 3.6%.