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Introduction
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Solid-dosage forms encompass the largest category of dosage forms that are clinically used. Several types of tablet solid dosage forms are designed to optimize the absorption rate of the drug, increase the ease of administration by the patient, control the rate and site of drug absorption, and mask the taste of a therapeutic agent. This also applies to the capsules of various sizes and various release profiles. The formulation of tablets and capsules involves the use of several components, each of which is present to facilitate the manufacture or to control the biological performance of the dosage form. The practice of delivering medicinal powder by hand rolling into a pill by using honey or sugar has been used for centuries. The delivery of some of the botanical and herbal extracts in homeopathic and ayurvedic branches of medicine by rolling into a pill is still practiced in India along with allopathic medicine.
The administration of medicines to children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
This section will not consider formulation and manufacturing science in detail but will consider those inactive ingredients or excipients added to the preparation of the drug substance and their clinical effects. It will also consider the routes of drug administration linked to appropriate formulations and the need to manipulate dosage forms designed for adults when appropriate authorised drugs or preparations are not available for children.
An Alternative Approach for Anti-Alzheimer’s Compounds from Plant Extracts
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Akula Ramakrishna, Magisetty Obulesu, Phytomedicine and Alzheimer’s Disease, 2020
G. K. Pratap, Manjula Shantaram
An herbal drug preparation can be defined as a drug derived from a whole plant or parts of the plant (bark, leaf, root, fruit, rhizome), following development as a crude plant drug. It is useful for pharmaceutical formulation. From the Industrial Revolution and the advances in organic chemistry, there was a corresponding increase in synthetic drug production.
Micro-dosing of powders into capsules using a new automated micro-dosing system: effect of powder characteristics and operating conditions on the filling of 0.5 mg–100 mg weights
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
S. Stranzinger, E. Faulhammer, S. Biserni, A. Ferrari, G. D'Elpidio, S. Cicognani, J. G. Khinast
Micro-dosing can prove valuable for accelerating drug product development by quickly producing dosage forms of variable potency during clinical phases, e.g. via micro-dosing into capsules. Depending on the material physical attributes, API doses as low as 100 micrograms can be encapsulated with minimal variance in weight. Another aspect is that in the early drug product development phase, API availability is limited, and extensive formulation studies are thus difficult to realize. Hence, an API-in-capsule (AIC) approach can ease such concerns, minimizing the use of API and eliminating the necessity of excipient compatibility studies. The key benefit of the AIC approach is that it allows dispensing of the required powders (e.g. multiple strengths for preclinical or clinical dosing) via the same precision weighing process [3]. Another promising target application of the micro-dosing technology is pulmonary delivery—especially, for carrier-free high-dose dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulations. In such approaches, the pure API is filled into capsules (typically size 3), without the addition of any excipients (as used in carrier-based DPIs). For example, one target application may be ibuprofen, for which a typical dosage strength ranges from 10 mg to 50 mg [14]. In any case, it is essential to thoroughly understand the impact of powder/particle properties and processing on the quality and performance of the final product [15].
A multivariate data analysis approach to tablet sticking on an industrial scale: a qualitative case study of an ibuprofen-based formulation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mahamadou Dembélé, Sophie Hudon, Jean-Sébastien Simard, Nicolas Abatzoglou, Ryan Gosselin
Tablets are the most prevalent form of medication (Tita-Goldstein 2013; Chattoraj et al. 2018). This is primarily due to their physical and chemical stability under various conditions, as well as their ease of use and manufacturing (Boussaoud 2003; Santos and Sousa 2008; Iqubal et al. 2014). Tablet production consists of compressing a defined quantity of powder formulation on a tablet press. The formulation is a powder blend of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and excipients that are often dried or wet-granulated to enhance their compressibility and compactability. Compression involves the application of a uniaxial force on the formulation powder that is embedded in the die cavity of the tablet press. Under pressure, the density of the powder blend is increased by expelling air from between the particles (Saniocki 2014; Thomas 2015). The powder then consolidates via a series of plastic and elastic deformations and particle fragmentations, leading to the formation of bonds between them (Kadiri 2004; Saniocki 2014).
Asthma and COPD medicines prescription-claims: A time-series analysis of England’s national prescriptions during the COVID-19 pandemic (Jan 2019 to Oct 2020)
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Ravina Barrett, Robert Barrett
The primary outcome was the total quantity of each medicine. These were total quantities per month of individual medicines, including branded and generics. To assess changes, a rolling continuous period from January 2019 to October 2020 was identified. Asthma/COPD medicines (montelukast, tiotropium bromide, salbutamol, aminophylline hydrate, ipratropium bromide, theophylline, and beclometasone dipropionate) account for approximately 90% of all medicines used. Formulations included inhalers, nebulizers, dry powder inhalers, oral preparations, and solid doses (see supplemental). Other medicines used in management were excluded, e.g., acetylcysteine, antihistamine, adrenaline. A 10% sampling validation was conducted against https://openprescribing.net/ . Findings are presented according to the RECORD statement [26].