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Medicines management
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Kirsty Andrews, Martina O’Brien
Capsules. These are oval-shaped, with a coat of hard gelatin. They are useful for bitter drugs, and for unpleasant liquid like chlormethiazole. Capsules should not be opened as they are made to be swallowed whole.
Effervescent Granulation
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Effervescent dosage forms also enhance patient compliance. They are easier to administer, particularly helpful to patients, like children, who are not able to swallow capsules or tablets. A pleasant taste, because of carbonation, helps to mask the bad taste of certain drugs. This could also help to avoid the gastric side effect of certain drugs [4]. They are easy to use and appeal to consumers for color and fizzy appearance more than traditional dosage forms. For example, a study shows that patient compliance has increased when the chloroquine phosphate was administered as an effervescent tablet because of the faster response onset than uncoated tablets [5]. Effervescent drugs also have other advantages over conventional pharmaceutical forms. They substitute liquid forms when the active ingredient has a little stability in the water as they are administered only by prior dissolving of the tablet in water. Active ingredients that are not stable in liquid form are most of the time more stable in effervescent form.
The administration of medicines to children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
Capsules are hard gelatin shells which can be filled with powder manually or semi-automatically. Because of difficulty with swallowing capsules, for many younger children, they are simply used as containers for powder since the capsules are often opened before administration and the contents given with liquid or food. Powders can also be individually weighed and presented in powder papers or individual containers of plastic or glass. The powder is administered in liquid or food. In general, if stored under suitable conditions away from moisture, oral capsules and powders should have greater stability than oral liquids but are more time consuming to prepare. They are fixed dosage forms so many different strengths may be required to satisfy the varying dosage requirement of children of different ages.
An update on Alectinib: a first line treatment for ALK-positive advanced lung cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Yourong Zhou, Yiming Yin, Jiangxin Xu, Zhifei Xu, Bo Yang, Qiaojun He, Peihua Luo, Hao Yan, Xiaochun Yang
There are no guidelines for oral administration for patients with swallowing disorders, and formulation is essential for patients who are unable to swallow capsule. Liu et al. [24] evaluated for the first time the PK and safety of alectinib extemporaneous oral suspension in children unable to swallow capsule. The results of the study showed that peak and overall exposure were significantly higher with oral suspension than with intact capsule. The geometric mean metabolic ratio of M4 to alectinib for Cmax (MR_Cmax) in capsules ranged from 0.148 (fasting) to 0.244 (mixed feed), and in suspension ranged from 0.171 (fasting) to 0.337 (mixed feed). Under fasting and feeding conditions, the geometric mean metabolic ratio for AUC0-∞ (MR_ AUC0-∞) corresponding to AUC0-∞ was 0.302 (fasting) to 0.410 (mixed feeding) for capsules and 0.374 (fasting) to 0.552 (mixed feeding) for suspensions. This result demonstrated that the vigorous stirring may have increased the soluble fraction of the capsule contents, resulting in increased drug absorption and higher exposure compared to intact capsule. Therefore, opening or dissolving the contents of capsule is not recommended as an alternative formulation without a proper suspension preparation and dose adjustment.
Investigation of potential substandard dry powder inhalers on EU and North African markets – evaluation of the delivered and fine particle doses
Published in Journal of Drug Assessment, 2022
Yue Zhang, Philippe Hubert, Cédric Hubert
All evaluated drugs contain 12 µg of formoterol fumarate and are equipped with an Aerolizer like inhaler. Nevertheless, they differ generally in the capsule composition, and the packaging. Among eight studied products, two capsule types were identified, in gelatin or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). The latter is particularly suitable for DPIs, thanks to its low water content and its reduced brittleness. These capsules are less sensitive to storage conditions than gelatin capsules5. Indeed, cracking and fracturing are observed in capsules made of gelatin after piercing and inhalation simulation. The moisture undoubtedly facilitates dry powder’s agglomeration and so decreases the FPD5. In fact, the primary packaging aims to protect the dry powder from atmospheric humidity. They exist in different types: plastic bottles and various blister types, e.g. aluminum/aluminum (Alu/Alu) blister, polyvinyl chloride/polyvinylidene chloride/aluminum (PVC/PVDC/Alu) blister.
Study on formulation and preparation technology of the composite cellulose-based enteric capsule shells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Liping Liu, Huaiqin Luo, Yingying Yang, Jinqin Huang, Chang Liu, Qiaoling Ding, Huien Zhang
Hard capsule dosage forms are widely used to encapsulate powders, granules, pellets, nonaqueous liquids, and semisolids because they offer better protection against oxygen, moisture and light until the drug is released [1]. Capsule shell is an essential part of capsule dosage forms. Enteric coating is desirable for the administration of medications that are irritating to the stomach or unstable in gastric acid environment [2]. Enteric coating can delay the release of the drug from the dosage form until it reaches the small intestine. Other types of coatings are also applied to deliver the drug at an intended site of the gastrointestinal tract or to release the drug over an extended time [3]. There are three kinds of methods for the preparation of drug enteric capsules: ① The drug particles or pellets are coated with enteric-coated materials firstly, and then filled into capsule shell [4,5]; ② The enteric-coated materials solution is sprayed on the surface of the capsule shell filled with drugs [6]. ③ The drug is directly filled into the enteric capsule shell [7–9]. Comparing the three methods, the first and second methods have the potential impact of the diffusion and residue of coating solvent on the filling drug, and the potential danger of the volatilization of organic coating solvent on the production workshop. The third method effectively avoids the above problems. Therefore, it is necessary to develop enteric capsule shell.