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Single-Pot Processing
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Griet Van Vaerenbergh, Harald Stahl
The production of effervescent tablets is, first of all, a conventional oral solid dosage form manufacturing process, which has to accommodate some unusual features because of the special characteristics of the product. For example, adding a “normal” amount of water for granulation would initiate the effervescent reaction in the granulator and deplete the effervescent power of the formulation.
Ameliorating Insulin Signalling Pathway by Phytotherapy
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Subramania et al. (2008) had immense passion to discover alternative medicine for type 2 diabetes. During the experiment, the research team used ethanolic extract for both in vitro and in vivo studies. The extract showed appreciable α-glucosidase inhibitory effect in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 17.2 ± 0.15 mg/mL) and a weak α-amylase inhibitory activity (IC50 50.9 ± 0.17 mg/mL). The in vivo studies demonstrated that A. paniculata extracts significantly (P < 0.05) reduced peak blood glucose and area under curve in diabetic rats when challenged with oral administration of starch and sucrose. Hence, α-glucosidase inhibition may be one of the mechanisms for the extract to exert anti-diabetic activity and indicates that the extract can be considered as a potential candidate. Erindyah et al. (2013) made an effervescent tablet containing the solution of A. paniculata and E. uniflora and tolbutamide to justify hypoglycemic effect. On the treatment of effervescent solution and tolbutamide (a prescribed medicine) to the glucose loaded rats, the blood glucose level showed significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), while comparing with the negative control or placebo group. The solution of effervescent tablets decreased blood glucose levels by 13.1% than the negative control (solution of sodium CMC 0.5%). Decreasing blood glucose level of the test solution compared to the placebo by 16.57% proved that extracts contain potential anti-diabetic ingredients.
Calcium and Magnesium
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
One confusing aspect of calcium supplementation is the ever-increasing number of chemical forms of calcium from which to choose. Calcium carbonate is the least expensive supplement, and appears to have equivalent absorption to other forms in normal, healthy young persons. Since calcium carbonate is 40% calcium by weight, the smallest tablets or smallest number of tablets can be given in the carbonate form. Taking calcium carbonate supplements with meals or orange juice enhances absorption. Calcium citrate and calcium citrate-malate are two other forms of calcium with improved absorption in several studies.746–751 Calcium hydroxy apatite products have also become available recently. These products are equivalent to purified bone meal and represent another bioavailable form of calcium along with phosphate and other minerals found in bone. Bone meal (Ossopan®) will be discussed separately from calcium later in this section. Other acceptable forms of calcium supplements are calcium lactate and calcium gluconate. Calcium salts of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates have recently become available as a mixture. Calcium phosphates and calcium chloride are unacceptable forms of calcium supplementation. A more important aspect of calcium supplementation is the dissolution times of calcium supplement tablets. Personal experience has indicated that most calcium supplements exhibit very long dissolution times (unpublished data). If calcium products do not release their contents before transit past the duodenum and proximal ileum, then calcium absorption will not be complete. Anyone can test whether their calcium supplement dissolves adequately by placing the tablet in a glass of water with 1 tsp of vinegar, and gently stirring the tablet every 5 min. If the tablet has not started breaking up by 10 min, then it will not release its calcium at the sites of maximum absorption. Of course, this quandary can be avoided by chewing calcium tablets, which is not favorable for most persons. Also, effervescent tablets, chewable wafers or tablets, capsules, or powders will bypass potential problems with calcium supplement tablets.
From the pharmaceutical to the clinical: the case for effervescent paracetamol in pain management. A narrative review
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2021
Claude Dubray, Philippe Maincent, Jean Yves Milon
The pharmacokinetic limitations of conventional paracetamol formulations may be largely overcome by the use of effervescent formulations. According to the current European Pharmacopoeia16, “Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets generally containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen carbonates, which react rapidly in the presence of water to release carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in water before administration”. According to the European criteria, the tablets should effervesce and disintegrate within 5 min when placed in 200 mL of water at 15–25 °C. Similarly, the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) defines effervescent tablets as tablets prepared by compaction which contain, in addition to the drug substance(s), mixtures of acids (e.g. citric acid or tartaric acid) and carbonates, and/or sodium bicarbonate17. Upon contact with water, these formulations release carbon dioxide, producing the characteristic effervescent action. They are considered as noncoated tablets, which should disintegrate within 15 min. However, there is no specific test for effervescent tablets in the USP.
Emerging drugs for eosinophilic esophagitis
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2018
Robert D. Pesek, Sandeep K. Gupta
As described earlier, corticosteroids are currently the mainstay of medical treatment for EoE that does not respond to PPI. Both budesonide, delivered as a slurry, and fluticasone propionate, delivered through an inhaler device, lead to significant reductions in esophageal eosinophils, endoscopic findings, and patient-reported outcomes [66–72]. Recently, several trials have evaluated alternative delivery mechanisms for corticosteroids in EoE. Newer formulations have included effervescent tablets, which dissolve when placed in contact with water, and orodispersible tablets which dissolve when placed in the mouth. In a study by Miehlke et al. [96] of 76 adults with EoE, subjects were randomized to receive budesonide effervescent tablets, budesonide orodispersible tablets, budesonide viscous suspension, or placebo twice daily for 14 days. Histologic remission, defined as mean esophageal eosinophils <16/mm2 hpf), was achieved in >94% of treated subjects compared to none in the placebo group. Endoscopic features also improved more significantly in the treated group compared to controls with no serious events noted. While efficacy was similar between the different formulations, nearly 80% of patients preferred the effervescent tablet over other forms of budesonide. A trial evaluating the effectiveness of budesonide in an orodispersible tablet for the maintenance of EoE remission is in progress (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02493335). A similar budesonide formulation was recently approved by the European Medicines Agency for use in EoE.
Development and anti-Candida evaluation of the vaginal delivery system of amphotericin B nanosuspension-loaded thermogel
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Tianyuan Ci, Luo Yuan, Xiaoyan Bao, Yuting Hou, Hao Wu, Haifeng Sun, Dinglingge Cao, Xue Ke
For the group of effervescent tablets, the tablets first disintegrated into powders for the effervescent effect of the formulation. However, AmB was only released ∼10% out of the solid mixtures with the same releasing method at 37 °C with the rotation speed of 100 rpm (Figure 5(B)). The reason could be attributed to the poor water-solubility of AmB and strong hydrophobic interaction between AmB and the insoluble drug excipients as well as the stickiness of the excipients. Some typical photographs of AmB effervescent tablets during release in vials were shown in Supplementary Figure S2. The colour of remaining excipients was still yellow after releasing for 10 h, indicating large amount of AmB was not released.