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Medicinal Properties of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
The antimicrobial activity of fresh and dry ginger oil against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Trichoderma spp., Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated by Sasidharan and Menon (2010), and the MIC values of the oils were found to range from 10 µg/mL to 1.0 µg/mL. Zingiberene was the major compound in both ginger oils. Fresh ginger oil contained geranial (8.5%) as the second main compound and had more oxygenated compounds (29.2%) compared to dry ginger oil (14.4%). The dry ginger oil also contained ar-curcumene (11%), β-bisabolene (7.2%), sesquiphellandrene (6.6%) and δ-cadinene (3.5%).
Migraine: Management and Treatment with Herbal Drugs
Published in Vikas Kumar, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Herbs for Diabetes and Neurological Disease Management, 2018
Arulmozhi D. Kandasamy, Yogesh Anant Kulkarni, Addepalli Veeranjaneyulu, Ram S. Gaud
Ginger contains about l–2% of volatile oil and 5–8% of resinous matter, starch, and mucilage. Oil of ginger, contains a mixture of over 50 constituents including monoterpenes (β-phellandrene, camphene, cineole, citral, and borneol), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (zingiberene, β-bisabolene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and ar-curcumene) and the sesquiterpene alcohol-zingiberol. The pungency of ginger is due to gingerol.74
Variability, toxicity, and antioxidant activity of Eupatorium cannabinum (hemp agrimony) essential oils
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016
Asta Judzentiene, Rasa Garjonyte, Jurga Budiene
This study represents new data on chemical polymorphism of essential oil within E. cannabinum species from Lithuania. The compositions of hemp agrimony oils, analyzed in this study, showed a broader variation of major components compared with those investigated earlier in our laboratory or reported in other countries. Germacrene D, neryl acetate, spathulenol, α-terpinene, δ-2-carene, methyl thymol, α-zingiberene, β-bisabolene, neryl isobutanoate, (E)-nerolidol, geranyl tiglate, and isoborbyl-2-methyl butanoate were the major components indicating individual chemotypes of studied oils. It could be pointed out that α-zingiberene was determined among major constituents for hemp agrimony essential oils for the first time.
Ginger extract activates caspase independent paraptosis in cancer cells via ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, AIF translocation and DNA damage
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Divya Nedungadi, Anupama Binoy, Vivek Vinod, Muralidharan Vanuopadath, Sudarslal Sadasivan Nair, Bipin G. Nair, Nandita Mishra
Ginger rhizome, is widely used as a spice and has remedies for digestive disorders like dyspepsia, nausea, gastritis, vomiting, colic, and diarrhea. It also has anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-tumorigenic properties (11–14). Ginger extract is known to cause apoptosis in various cancer cell types like breast, prostate and endometrial cells (15–17). It is also known to cause a caspase-independent cell death termed autosis in pancreatic cancer cells (18). Ethyl acetate fraction of ginger extract has been found to inhibit the expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and c-Myc, in A549 lung cancer cells thus curbing its replication (19). Studies show that ginger constituents exhibit synergy and that the extract is superior over its single agents in In Vivo efficacy, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, thus emphasizing the importance of consuming whole foods (20,21). Carbohydrates (50–70%), lipids (3–8%), terpenes (zingiberene, β-bisabolene, α-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, and α-curcumene) and phenolic compounds (gingerol, paradols, and shogaol) form the major constituents of ginger (22). Out of many secondary metabolites present in ginger root extract, gingerols and shogaols are found in higher quantities than others and are popularly known for its anticancer activities (22,23). Gingerols are abundant in fresh ginger and upon drying of ginger; gingerols convert to their respective forms of shogaols (24,25). It has been proven that shogaol-rich dried form of ginger are found to be more toxic than fresh ginger (26,27). Earlier studies have shown that the polyphenols of ginger are best extracted using ethanol (28). Recently many natural compounds like indolyl chalcones, celastrol, honokiol, tunicamycin have been found to cause various caspase-independent death pathways via the formation of cytoplasmic vacuolation in cancer cells (29–31).
Chemical composition of essential oil and oleoresins of Zingiber officinale and toxicity of extracts/essential oil against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
G. D. Kiran Babu, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Mohit Sharma, S. G. Eswara Reddy
The oleoresins extracted from ginger rhizomes by acetone and ethanol varied composition. The undistilled dried ginger rhizomes extracted by acetone (AF) and ethanol (EF) contains similar composition viz., zingiberene (19.4% and 19.1%), [6]-gingerol (9.6% each), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.1% and 9.4%), (E,E)-α-farnesene (6.6% and 6.3%), ar-curcumene (5.1% and 6.3%), β-bisabolene (4.5% and 4.6%), trans-[6]-shogaol (3.5% to 5.6%), and geranial (3% and 2.5%, respectively) as major constituents except in that the acetone extract also possessed 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (8.6%) as other major compound (Table 2). On contrary, this hydroxyl ketone detected in low concentrations in the oleoresins extracted from de-oiled cake by acetone (1.5% in ADD and 1% in ADW), and by ethanol (0.4% in EDW) which could be due to its degradation during HD, where very harsh conditions such as high water content and temperature prevails. The degradation of this compound may contribute to the formation of components such as peroxyacetyl nitrate, acetone, formaldehyde, etc. (Sleiman et al. 2013). It is interesting to note that the absolute ethanol unable to extract this compound from the dried rhizomes may be due to its solvent polarity. The presence of small amount (0.4%) of this compound in the oleoresin extracted from wet de-oiled cake by ethanol (EDW) can be attributed to high polarity of solvent mixture (ethanol + water) than the absolute ethanol. Moderate levels of neral, γ-amorphene, (E)-nerolidol, zingerone, α-bisabolol, etc., were detected in the oleoresins produced from undistilled rhizomes (AF and EF). On contrary, Singh et al. (2008) reported the composition of ethanol extracted oleoresin abundant in eugenol (49.8%), gingerone (14.5%), trans-[6]-shogaol (5.9%), etc. This is the first study of its kind wherein the chemical composition and insecticidal properties of ginger oleoresins extracted from the solid-spent obtained after hydro-distillation is being reported. The dried de-oiled cake (solid-spent) were dominated by zingiberene (16.3% and 21.2%), [6]-paradol (11.2% and 8.5%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.7% and 9.9%), etc., in their oleoresins produced by acetone (ADD) and absolute ethanol (EDD), respectively. Ethanol extract produced from wet de-oiled cake (EDW) possessed unique composition viz., 54.7% bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, which was devoid in rest of the oleoresins. The ethanolic oleoresin composition reported by Singh et al. (2008) was also found devoid of the same. The other major constituents of EDW were trans-[6]-shogaol, zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, etc., However, ADW was found to be dominated by trans-[6]-shogaol (17.1%), zingiberene (10.6%), [6]-paradol (5.2%), etc. It is interesting to note that only the wet de-oiled cake produced by acetone (ADW) and ethanol (EDW) possessed appreciable amounts of 2,3-butanediol [S-(R*,R*)], whereas the same was absent in all the other oleoresins and EO. Similarly, 2,3-butanediol [R-(R*,R*)] was also dominated in the ADW (4.5%) and EDW (1.6%) and small quantities were detected in EF (0.4%) and ADD (0.2%).