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Genome-Editing Strategy for Medicinal Plants Growing under Adverse Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Plants are also able to absorb contaminants from the soil and release them into the atmosphere. This process of making an organic contaminant volatile by plants is termed phytovolatilization (Table 13.7). In the process of volatilization, contaminants are partitioned into the air spaces, followed by their release into the air. Many volatile organic compounds may be volatilized either directly (from stem or leaves) or indirectly (from the soil due to plant root activity). Although phytovolatilization is beneficial as it results in photochemical decay in the atmosphere, in urban areas it is viewed as a risk for degrading the air quality.
Aspects of Nickel Allergy: Epidemiology, Etiology, Immune Reactions, Prevention, and Therapy
Published in Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach, Nickel and the Skin, 2019
Particularly in the industrial setting, volatilization of metals and their compounds presents a respiratory occupational risk leading to type I hypersensitivity (Table 1.2). In contrast to dusts generated in mining and construction, highly dispersible and respirable aerosols are formed during smelting and pyrometallurgical processes (Roshchin, 1971). Of particular concern in the industrial environment is the potential for anaphylactic vascular shock caused by inhalation of contact urticaria-generating nickel and its derivatives (Lahti, 1992; Lahti and Maibach, 1992).
Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
The hemp plant has also been used across the globe for centuries in the production of rope, sail, cloth and paper (for a review, see Russo 2007). There is strong anecdotal evidence of medicinal use of hemp from ancient China, India and Egypt for centuries. The term ‘cannabis abuse’ is a relatively recent used phrase. In the 1970s, cannabis extract was widespread available in Europe and North America as a ‘recreational drug’. The leaves (variously referred to as marijuana or herbal cannabis, among other names) or resin derived mostly from the buds (known as hashish, among other names) is typically mixed with tobacco and rolled into a cigarette (known as a joint, among other names). Smoking involves measures of volatilisation and pyrolysis, and results in a relatively poor delivery of metabolites. Please refer to Table 29.1 for better understanding of different administration routes with health effects.
Improving protection effects of eucalyptol via carboxymethyl chitosan-coated lipid nanoparticles on hyperglycaemia-induced vascular endothelial injury in rats
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Jianqing Peng, Zhaohui Jiang, Guoping Wu, Zimin Cai, Qianming Du, Ling Tao, Yanyan Zhang, Yi Chen, Xiangchun Shen
In our previous studies, high dose of eucalyptol (50–300 mg/kg) is orally administrated as suspension [11] or self-microemulsion [16] for the alleviation of endothelium injury induced by the lipopolysaccharide, despite the low effective dose in vitro. We believe that the low delivery efficiency in vivo might be the main reason for the high oral dose. The suspension particles and emulsion droplets that successfully maintained the eucalyptol in the aqueous solution might not strong enough to prevent the volatilisation and promote the absorption of eucalyptol after oral administration. Therefore, a more effective delivery system for oral administration of eucalyptol is highly in need. Based on the previous study, eucalyptol exerted extremely low LR in the encapsulation by liposomes via ethanol injection method [14]. The thin film dispersion method used for the preparation of liposomes in our preliminary experiment obtained similar LR of eucalyptol as well (data not shown). It is attributed to the high Hc value that impedes the encapsulation of eucalyptol in the hydrophilic core of liposomes. Therefore, LNs with lipophilic core were applied for the encapsulation of eucalyptol in this study, which was expected to stabilise the eucalyptol inside the lipophilic core of nanoparticles and reduce the volatilisation.
Acute exposure to C60 fullerene damages pulmonary mitochondrial function and mechanics
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Dayene de Assis Fernandes Caldeira, Flávia Muniz Mesquita, Felipe Gomes Pinheiro, Dahienne Ferreira Oliveira, Luis Felipe Silva Oliveira, Jose Hamilton Matheus Nascimento, Christina Maeda Takiya, Leonardo Maciel, Walter Araujo Zin
C60 was prepared as previously reported (Park et al. 2010). Considering that C60 fullerenes between 45 and 60 nm in diameter were detected in several sources such as coal, oil refinery, rivers, atmosphere, this study used the same fullerene-C60 with purity greater than 99.5% from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) used in previous studies (Sanchís et al. 2013; Oliveira et al. 2018; Gredilla et al. 2019). Briefly, 16.7 mg of fullerene C60 were suspended (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and added to 50 mL of toluene (Merck, Damstadt, Germany) under continuous stirring for 2 h at 150 rpm on a magnetic stirrer. The C60 solution in toluene was added to the saline solution (0.9% NaCl) with 1.0% polysorbate 80/Tween 80 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) yielding a 20-mL total volume. A heated (37 °C) ultrasonic bath (Bransonic® M2800H, Danbury, CT) allowed the complete volatilization of the toluene shortly thereafter. The suspension was passed through a 0.22-µm sterile disposable filter (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Samples were stored in aliquots in a freezer (−20 °C).
Optimisation of the microencapsulation of lavender oil by spray drying
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Ayah M. Burhan, Sameh M. Abdel-Hamid, Mahmoud E. Soliman, Omaima A. Sammour
One of the most effective proposed formulation techniques for essential oils is microencapsulation in a relevant matrix. Microencapsulation is the surrounding of the core to be encapsulated which is the essential oil by a relative coating matrix that functions to protect it, and preserve its physicochemical as well as functional and biological properties (Kosseva and John 2002, Desai and Jin Park 2005). Thus, it is converting the essential oil from the volatile liquid state to a solid state by its encapsulation in the protective coating polymer. This stabilises the volatile components by preventing their volatilisation, and also protecting the oil components from the external environmental factors such as moisture, heat, light, and air that can lead to their degradation. In addition, microencapsulation by offering a solid powdered form, facilitates handling and packaging (Desai and Jin Park 2005).