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The Interstitial Pneumonias
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
The exact etiology remains unknown. Among possible factors indicated as contributory46,47 are rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody, lupus erythematosus phenomenon, viral infection, and foreign body reaction. In patients with DIP, UIP, and LIP, circulating immune complexes that have been identified may play a role on pathogenesis.48 Also, IgM antigen-antibody complexes have been found in two infants with immunoglobulin G deficiency who had congenital rubella.49 Both infants also had IgM deposits in the alveolar interstitium.
Cluster Analysis and Its Applications
Published in K. V. S. Sarma, R. Vishnu Vardhan, Multivariate Statistics Made Simple, 2018
K. V. S. Sarma, R. Vishnu Vardhan
The following data refers to the distribution of states/Union Territories (UT) of India with respect to implementation of Hepatitis-B vaccine-CES 2009. The figures are percentage of children aged 12 -35 months who received the vaccine under the UIP Programme. (Source: https://nrhm-mis.nic.in/SitePages/Pub-FW-Statistics2015.aspx)
General principles of ILD diagnosis and management
Published in Muhunthan Thillai, David R Moller, Keith C Meyer, Clinical Handbook of Interstitial Lung Disease, 2017
Melissa Wickremasinghe, Richard J Hewitt, Athol Wells
Although specific diseases are discussed individually in other chapters, it is worth pulling together some challenging subtypes and emerging phenotypes in ILD that need further consideration of the general principles for their diagnosis and management. These include unclassifiable disease, interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF), sub-clinical disease, unrecognized CHP with a UIP pattern, smoking-related ILD, an acute presentation and finally possible UIP.
TB free India by 2025: hype or hope
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
TB continues to remain a public health challenge in India and World Health Organization Global TB Report 2019 estimated nearly 2.7million cases in India in 2018. The program reported 2.4 million cases in 2019 out of which 6% (0.15 million) belonged to the Pediatric age group and 66255 were MDR TB cases [7]. A total of 94% cases of DSTB and 85% of cases of MDR TB were put on treatment [7]. BCG vaccination at birth to all children is an ongoing activity under Universal Immunization Programme and with a focus on prevention nearly 4 lakh PLHIV and 4.2 lakh children less than 6 years were initiated on TB Preventive Therapy in 2019 [7]. However, given these achievements, issues of overcrowding, poverty, malnutrition, and the current SARS-COVID pandemic continue to propound challenges to deal with.
Effect of lead exposure and nutritional iron-deficiency on immune response: A vaccine challenge study in rats
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2020
Srinivasa Reddy Yathapu, Narendra Babu Kondapalli, Sarath Babu Srivalliputturu, Rajkumar Hemalatha, Dinesh Kumar Bharatraj
Tetanus vaccine (TT) is a common prophylactic, being administered throughout life as a booster in the case of host injury. In India, a regular “scheduled 7 doses” of tetanus vaccination is part of the “Universal Immunization Program” (UIP). Studies of the immune responses in vaccinated children in Gabon (Central Africa) revealed that those who received this vaccination had stronger TH2 than TH1 cytokine profiles (Riet et al. 2008). Based on that finding and in light of the information above, that is, that Fe-deficiency as well as Pb toxicity interferes with host immune responses, the present study sought to investigate how concurrent states of Fe deficiency and potential Pb exposure/toxicity could impact on responses of children to such life-saving vaccines. To achieve this goal, immune parameters were evaluated in a rat model during Fe deficiency with/without concurrent Pb exposure. In particular, responses against tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine during these states was investigated to better define any potentiating effects from these dual burdens on immunocompetency – as might occur in children in developing nations.
Causality assessment of serious and severe adverse events following immunization in India: a 4-year practical experience
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2018
Awnish K. Singh, Abram L. Wagner, Jyoti Joshi, Bradley F. Carlson, Satinder Aneja, Matthew L. Boulton
Globally, vaccines are estimated to prevent 2–3 million childhood deaths each year. Despite impressive gains in the reduction of vaccine-preventable disease, approximately 1.7 million children continue to die from these diseases annually [1]. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was created in 1974 to help ensure children received a standard set of recommended vaccines. India’s Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was modeled after the EPI in 1985 [2]. The UIP currently provides vaccination services to the world’s largest birth cohort of 26 million newborns, with over 100 million doses of vaccines administered every year to infants <1 year of age in the country [3,4]. Increasingly complex immunization programs in India and other countries mean that greater technical skills are required, including how to surveil adverse events following immunization (AEFI) [5]. As control of childhood vaccine-preventable disease improves in India, the government will need to increasingly focus on immunization program performance, vaccine logistics, and quality control.