China
Africa
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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Turpentine oil (often simply called ‘turpentine’) is obtained by steam-distillation of the oleoresin of Pinus pinaster Aiton (Iberian turpentine oil), Pinus massoniana Lamb. (Chinese turpentine oil) and other Pinus species. What is left after distillation (the non-volatile residue) is called rosin (colophony, colophonium). Oil of turpentine formerly was widely used as paint-thinner and for cleaning paints brushes, but this application has largely been abandoned and has been replaced with other solvents. Turpentine oil is an ingredient in many liniments, cold remedies, and veterinary medications. It may also be used in topical NSAID pharmaceutical preparations.
Metabolic conversion of β-pinene to β-ionone in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Lujain Aloum, Mohammad H. Semreen, Taleb H. Al-Tel, Hamza Al-Hroub, Muath Mousa, Richard L. Jayaraj, Eman Alefishat, Abdu Adem, Georg A Petroianu
Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882) investigated the fate of turpentine oil in the human body. He concluded that internal and external use of this oil, as well as the inhalation of its vapour, quickly confers urine an odour reminiscent of violets. However, the addition of turpentine oil to urine does not produce a violet scent (Wöhler 1824). This indicates that metabolic conversion of turpentine oil components is necessary to attain a violet-like smell. The most widespread constituents in the oil of turpentine are bicyclic monoterpenes specifically alpha- and beta-pinene, followed by carene, camphene, and limonene, and trace amounts of many other compounds (Vespermann et al. 2017; Al-Tel et al. 2020). Indeed, α-pinene and β-pinene are the main odorous components released by various plant species (Mercier et al. 2009).
The effect of elevated α1-acid glycoprotein on the pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 (SCO-272), an orally active renin inhibitor, in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Takuya Ebihara, Hisao Shimizu, Masami Yamamoto, Tomoaki Higuchi, Fumihiro Jinno, Yoshihiko Tagawa
After oral administration of TAK-272 in rats, the absorbed TAK-272 was distributed well throughout the body, and was mainly eliminated by the hepatic metabolism (Ebihara et al., 2018). Rats would be suitable models for humans to investigate the effects of AGP binding on TAK-272 pharmacokinetics, when TAK-272 primarily binds to AGP in the plasma of rats as well as humans. Turpentine oil treatment is a convenient method of elevating plasma AGP levels, because the oil induces regional inflammation and has minimum systemic impact (Belpaire et al., 1986; Murai-Kushiya et al., 1993). The effect of turpentine oil treatment on drug disposition has been reported for several basic drugs. The pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 in the rat model will provide useful information for TAK-272 clinical trials. The observations in rats with elevated plasma AGP will allow qualitative extrapolation from the animal model to patients, which could practically and theoretically explain the pharmacokinetic changes in unbound and total plasma concentrations via changes in plasma AGP levels.