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Laboratory Diagnosis of Cocaine: Intoxication and Withdrawal
Published in Mark S. Gold, Marc Galanter, Barry Stimmel, Cocaine: Pharmacology, Addiction, and Therapy, 2014
RIA and EIA methodologies are dependent on specificity and sensitivity. This is determined by the animal generated antibodies to a given drug compound. Compounds whose chemical structures are similar to the drug of interest, often cross react with the antibodies. This cross reactivity phenomenon is important to understand because it can result in false positives or falsely elevated results. For this reason competitive binding assays are deemed to have much lower specificity compared to chromatographic techniques such as GLC and GC-MS. In the Roche RIA procedure, cross reactivity is commonly encountered with tropane alkaloids, as well as with thioridazine.13 While cross reactivity with the tropane alkaloids is not a problem (the only probable source in humans is from cocaine metabolism), it is a potential source of false positives in the case of thioridazine, a commonly prescribed phenothiazine.
Datura and Brugmansia plants related antimuscarinic toxicity: an analysis of poisoning cases reported to the Taiwan poison control center
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Uyen Vy Doan, Ming-Ling Wu, Dong-Haur Phua, Bomar Mendez Rojas, Chen-Chang Yang
Datura and Brugmansia species belong to the family Solanaceae. Both species have been widely cultivated and naturalized throughout the world. In particular, Brugmansia species is increasingly grown as attractive garden plants, thus creating more opportunities for accidental or intentional exposures. All parts of the plant contain toxic tropane alkaloids like scopolamine, hyoscyamine and atropine, the concentrations of which vary depending on the species, geographic distribution, climate, seasons, and the parts of the plant. Moreover, the ratio of atropine to scopolamine can vary even between specimens of the same species. The alkaloid content is usually highest when the plant is flowering [29]. In D. inoxia, it has been found that the concentrations of the main tropane alkaloids, that is, hyoscyamine and scopolamine, are higher in the flowers and leaves as compared to the root [30]. As for Brugmansia, the most toxic parts are the roots and seeds [31]. Notably, the tropane alkaloids are heat-stable even with high-temperature heating [22].
Anticholinergic syndrome after atropine overdose in a supposedly homeopathic solution: a case report
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Sabrina Schmoll, Katrin Romanek, Gabriel Zorn, Hans Eiglmeier, Florian Eyer
There have, however, been several side effects reported in children and adults, including deaths, related to abnormally high concentrations of tropane alkaloids in homeopathic products, often caused by compounding errors in the production process [3â6]. Atropine toxicity and lethality correlates poorly with the ingested dose but fatalities have been reported with exposures of about 100âmg [7,8]. Here we present a case report of accidental atropine overdose with ingestion of approx. 4.5 mg atropine sulfate due to a manufacturing error of a homeopathic remedie.
Prevalence of Stimulant, Hallucinogen, and Dissociative Substances Detected in Biological Samples of NPS-Intoxicated Patients in Italy
Published in Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 2021
Pietro Papa, Antonella Valli, Marcello Di Tuccio, Eleonora Buscaglia, Elena Brambilla, Giulia Scaravaggi, Mariapina Gallo, Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
Tropane alkaloids. Atropine and scopolamine were identified in 38 cases (50% of hallucinogen positive cases) and in 35% of positive cases both molecules were present. This finding would suggest the use of psychoactive plants/herbs (i.e., Atropa belladonna) that contain both alkaloids. Positivity for other NPS emerged only once, in a urine positive for atropine and MDPV. Positive cases were equally distributed within the considered period.