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Nutritional and Dietary Supplementation during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Anticholinergics are mainly used as antispasmodics and in the therapy of gastrointestinal diseases (ulcer disease, irritable bowel disease). Some of these medications are utilized for other non-gastrointestinal indications, such as cardiac arrhythmias or urologic disorders. This class of preparations (Table 12.3) is known to cross the placenta.
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James A. Mastrianni, Elizabeth A. Harris
Anticholinergics are contraindicated in glaucoma, and should be avoided, or used with caution, in the elderly because of the high incidence of confusion and only modest antiparkinsonian benefit. Acute withdrawal of anticholinergics may be associated with dramatic worsening of parkinsonism, so the drugs should be discontinued gradually.
Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Garima Verma, Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman, Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
As the name suggests, anticholinergic agents are ones, which block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. This chemical messenger is known to affect a number of body functions. Anticholinergic agents are used for treating a number of conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, urinary incontinence, Parkinson’s disease, overactive bladder, etc. (Cafasso, 2018). Some commonly used anticholinergic agents of natural origin are mentioned in Table 9.8.
Association between anticholinergic medication uses and the risk of pneumonia in elderly adults: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Mindan Wu, Zhixuan Li, Wenchuan Zheng, Jia Zhuang, Shuhan Wu, Qipeng Zhou, Junfu Cai, Houzhen Zheng, Guixing Zeng, Weilin Zhang, Shengbin Zhang, Maohuang Lin, Xianyang Zhong, Qichuan Zhang
Recently, more and more attention has been paid to whether medication uses contributes to the higher risk of pneumonia in elderly people, except for the known risk factors. Anticholinergic drugs are frequently prescribed to the elderly adults. Anticholinergic medication includes drugs from a wide range of therapeutic categories which are used in a variety of diseases. Drugs with anticholinergic properties account for 23% of the ambulatory patients and nearly 60% of nursing home residents. They nonselective act on muscarinic receptor antagonist and thus cause many side effects centrally and peripherally. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are changing related with age, therefore the older patients are more susceptible to anticholinergic drugs. Therefore, the American Geriatric Society 2019 have defined some anticholinergic drugs as inappropriate medications and should be avoided in elderly patients [4].
Nurses Must Consider the Impact of Anticholinergic Medications in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Published in Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2021
This intersects with the topic du jour. Since patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders often have a baseline of cognitive impairment without any medication involved, increasing anticholinergic burden in this population can worsen the situation (Joshi et al., 2021; Rehse et al., 2016). Most of us have an immediate understanding of anticholinergic medications’ most common side effects. Once, I mistakenly took two promethazine tablets while on the hunt for acetaminophen and proceeded to sleep soundly through the entire night and all of Thanksgiving lunch the next day. Anticholinergics affect acetylcholine in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and blocking the action of this neurotransmitter is responsible for a laundry list of side effects, ranging from nuisances to life-threatening events. Direct attention is usually given to peripheral anticholinergic side effects, which include physically uncomfortable things like dry mouth, blurry vision, constipation, and urinary retention. It is central anticholinergic side effects, however, that overlap and compound the aforementioned cognitive symptoms; central anticholinergic side effects include disrupted concentration, poor short-term recall, and outright confusion. Indeed, cholinergic neurotransmission is intimately involved with motivation, reward, nociception, mood, and psychosis itself (Ogino et al., 2014).
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy and septic encephalitis: an update
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Simone C. Tauber, Marija Djukic, Johannes Gossner, Helmut Eiffert, Wolfgang Brück, Roland Nau
SAE can be confounded with many other diseases, in particular with metabolic encephalopathies, CNS infections including infectious vasculitis and non-convulsive epileptical status. The differential diagnosis can be challenging especially in ICU patients. The basic requirements to diagnose SAE are an infection outside the CNS and a reduced level of consciousness – two conditions can be found in other pathological conditions as well, most notably metabolic disturbances. Quite frequently observed – especially in the elderly – are uremic and hepatic encephalopathies. Another condition mimicking SAE is Wernicke’s encephalopathy (vitamin B1 deficiency). It can occur during parenteral nutrition, when vitamin B1 substitution is insufficient and can be suspected clinically after a thorough physical exam, when nystagmus, ophthalmoplegia, or ataxia is present. Wernicke’s encephalopathy is confirmed by typical cerebral MRI findings [136]. Other metabolic disturbances including respiratory failure with increased levels of carbon dioxide or hypoglycemia must be excluded by appropriate laboratory testing. Intoxication with legal or illegal drugs or withdrawal of ethanol, benzodiazepines, or opioids can mimic symptoms of SAE. Many drugs have anticholinergic (side) effects. The anticholinergic load of a medication can cause delirium mimicking SAE.