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Aspects of Nickel Allergy: Epidemiology, Etiology, Immune Reactions, Prevention, and Therapy
Published in Jurij J. Hostýnek, Howard I. Maibach, Nickel and the Skin, 2019
In cases of extremely hypersensitive patients, an alternative therapeutic approach to using antiinflammatory topical corticoids is the systemic administration of chelating agents such as tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (TETD, Antabuse, disulfiram), DDC, or triethylenetetramine. It only yields limited success, however; the dermatitis is not completely suppressed or resumes after cessation of treatment. Eleven patients whose NAH status was confirmed by oral nickel dosing were given 100 mg TETD tablets orally over 2 months. In some of the patients dermatitis cleared, but skin flares reappeared when treatment was discontinued (Kaaber et al., 1979). A similar course and outcome of chelation therapy with a daily oral dose of 200 mg disulfiram over 8 weeks was reported by Christensen. Although in 11 patients with pompholyx the condition resolved and 8 showed partial improvement, relapse occurred in all patients within weeks after treatment was discontinued (Christensen and Kristensen, 1982). TETD and DDC given orally brought relief in nickel dermatitis only as long as dosing continued (Menné and Kaaber, 1978). TETD given orally caused a measurable rise in serum and urinary nickel levels, suggesting that preexisting nickel deposits are mobilized and excreted by chelation (Christensen, 1982b; Christensen and Kristensen, 1982; Kaaber et al., 1979; Menné et al., 1980). Chelating drugs given systemically were reported to produce toxic side effects, however (Spruit et al., 1978). TETD caused lassitude in patients (Kaaber et al., 1979) and hepatotoxicity (Kaaber et al., 1987).
Techniques for Assessing the Health Risks of Dermal Contact with Chemicals in the Environment
Published in Rhoda G. M. Wang, James B. Knaak, Howard I. Maibach, Health Risk Assessment, 2017
Dennis J. Paustenbach, Hon-Wing Leung
Ethylenediamine (EDA) was the most potent skin sensitizer of the amines tested. Diethylenetriamine (DETA) was next in potency. Triethylenetetramine (TETA), aminoethylethanolamine (AEEA), and aminoethylpiperazine had moderate potency. Tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), piperazine (PIP), pentaethylenehexamine (PEHA), and hydroxyethylpiperazine (HEP) had low potencies.
Preparation and curing behaviour of microencapsulated curing agents for cold-mixed epoxy asphalt
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2023
Qiaoliang Xiong, Juntao Du, Minxin Zhang, Huina Jia, Tianjin Li, Yi Nie
Cold-mixed epoxy asphalt is used in cold-mixed asphalt mixtures because of its excellent properties, improving the mechanical properties, adhesion, and high-temperature performance (Si et al.2019, Zhang et al.2020). The curing rate of these cold-mixed epoxy asphalt depends on the choice of curing agent. The addition of room-temperature curing agents, such as triethylenetetramine, often leads to the problem that the retention time of cold-mixed epoxy asphalt is too short (Han et al.2020). Curing agent and cold-mixed epoxy asphalt immediately upon contact, and this reaction is irreversible; any improper or wrong operation of cold-mixed epoxy asphalt cannot be corrected. This brings difficulties to the construction organisation of cold-mixed epoxy asphalt pavement. Therefore, developing a new curing system of cold-mixed epoxy asphalt is crucial to regulating its curing process and road performance (Huang et al.2020).
Safety of treating acute liver injury and failure
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Miren García-Cortés, Aida Ortega-Alonso, Raúl J. Andrade
Different AE have been associated with the use of these drugs, some of which can be severe. D-penicilamine has been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, gastrointestinal, renal, hematologic, or dermatologic disorders [111]. Severe side effects requiring discontinuation of the treatment occur in approximately 30% of patients [112–115]. Trientine (triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride or 2,2,2-tetramine) is better tolerated than d-penicilamine, but has been associated with digestive symptoms, such as dyspepsia or colitis [116]. Trientine also chelates iron, thus co-administration of trientine and iron should be avoided because the complex with iron is toxic [117]. Similar to D-penicilamine, sideroblastic anemia may occur after overdose of this drug [118]. Besides, lupus-like reactions have also been reported in trientine treated patients, being the frequency of this reaction unknown given that most cases had been previously treated with D-penicilamine [119]. Zinc salts (sulfate, acetate, gluconate) reduce cupper absorption in the intestine. The most frequent AE are gastric symptoms. Immunosuppressant effects or asymptomatic increases of amylase and/or lipase have also been described [119,120]. An important differential issue about zinc salts is their less common neurological deterioration [121].
A review and update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric Wilson disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2019
Sean Cleymaet, Katsuko Nagayoshi, Edward Gettings, Justin Faden
Trientine has shown mixed results as a treatment agent for neuropsychiatric WD. Triethylene tetramine hydrochloride (trientine) binds tissue copper and promotes copper excretion by the kidneys. The difference in mechanism between trientine and D-penicillamine is controversial, however, trientine may be a weaker chelator of copper or may mobilize different pools of body copper. In a retrospective analysis of patients who had received chelator therapy with D-penicillamine or trientine, neurologic improvements were observed in more than 55% of patients, and did not differ significantly between treatments; however, more patients discontinued D-penicillamine due to adverse events (P = .039) [63]. Trientine may be better tolerated in both the initial and maintenance phases [22,63], however, selection may be limited by cost and regional availability [37,71].