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Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Garima Verma, Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman, Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
Tranquilizers are the drugs used for treating anxiety, fear, tension, agitation, and certain other states of mental disturbance. They are of two types: major and minor ones. Minor tranquilizers are referred to as anxiolytics whereas minor ones are known as antipsychotics. A few tranquilizers are obtained from plants and are mentioned in Table 9.18.
Psychiatric Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Numerous drugs can be effective in treating mental disorders. The neuroleptic or psychotropic agents, termed thus because they alter mood or literally "turn the mind," refer to antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, stimulants, tricyclic antidepressants, lithium, and phenothiazines. Anxiolytics, formerly called minor tranquilizers and typified by the benzodiazepines, relieve anxiety and hypnotics induce sleep. Each of these agents acts somewhat selectively on certain neurotransmitters or receptors; terminology of psychoactive drugs needs little review for pharmacists.
Types of Sleep Disturbances in Women
Published in Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman, Sleep and Women's Health, 2019
Zippi Dolev, Mordechai Zalesch, Judy Kupferman
Medicinal treatment: In extreme cases, when nonmedicinal means do not provide relief, the following medications can be used: Medications that increase dopamine levels (dopamine receptor agonists), such as Levodopa, a pill used for treating Parkinson's disease.Tranquilizers from the benzodiazepine group, such as oxazepam and diazepam.Medication given to epileptics (anticonvulsant agents), such as gabapentin.
Sources of prescription opioids and tranquilizers for misuse among U.S. young adults: differences between high school dropouts and graduates and associations with adverse outcomes
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2020
Jason A. Ford, Sean Esteban McCabe, Ty S. Schepis
To begin, differences in sources of prescription opioids (N = 6,845) and tranquilizers (N = 3,184) by educational attainment were assessed (see Table 1). For prescription opioids, significant differences were found for two sources. First, college respondents (17.9%) were more likely to obtain prescription opioids from a “physician” than high school graduates that did not go on to college (13.2%). Second, college respondents were less likely to “purchase” prescription opioids (17.4%) compared with push factor dropouts (28.9%), pull factor dropouts (24.2%), and high school graduates that did not go to college (24.5%). There were significant differences for two sources of prescription tranquilizers. First, college respondents (59.4%) were more likely to report “friend/relative” as a source compared to push factor dropouts (44.5%), pull factor dropouts (43.9%), and high school graduates that did not go to college (49.8%). Second, college respondents (24.2%) were less likely to “purchase” prescription tranquilizers compared to push factor dropouts (37.8%) and high school graduates who did not go to college (32.7%).
Sunlight radiation as a villain and hero: 60 years of illuminating research
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2019
Julia Montelin Powers, James Edward John Murphy
In 1958, melatonin was first isolated by Lerner from beef pineal gland (Lerner et al. 1958) and interest into the pineal was renewed. It is known now that an area in the hypothalamus of the brain controls pineal secretions, and that retinal light perception influences the production of melatonin (Lewy et al. 1980). Melatonin is recognized as the hormone responsible for regulating sleep (Auld et al. 2017), a requisite for life (Steptoe et al. 2008). Unlike nonendogenous tranquilizers such as benzodiazepines with their attendant side effects (Olfson et al. 2015; Soyka 2017), melatonin has been used with good outcome and no adverse carryover as a treatment for sleep disorders (Zhang et al. 2016; Auld et al. 2017; Xie et al. 2017). Interestingly, melatonin exists in abundance in mitochondria (Leon et al. 2004); there it has an important role maintaining homeostasis by acting as an antioxidant, thus promoting efficient energy production (Acuna-Castroviejo et al. 2007).
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder: A literature review and three case reports
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2018
Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Maria Vinnikova, Anna Nenastieva, Vladislav Alekseyuk
The second group of medications is benzodiazepine tranquilizers. They are effective in the treatment of HPPD type I and less effective in the treatment of HPPD type II: their administration improves the general condition, but does not fully reduce hallucinatory disorders. Alprazolam is most often used in doses from 0.25 to 0.75 mg/day; clonazepam is prescribed at doses ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/day. The use of higher doses of clonazepam (between 2 and 6 mg/day) has also shown good results in terms of the significant reduction in perception disorder symptoms and maintenance of these improvements for 6 months after discontinuation of treatment.23,35,36 The same author also reported that despite significant improvements in the general condition and reduction of visual images after clonazepam treatment, in some patients, focal visual distortions and moving black spots can persist during the therapy course and after it. Given the addictive potential of the medical drugs in this group, they should be used in severe cases only, to treat acute conditions in short courses, taking into account the rule of minimum sufficiency.