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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Thymus vulgaris L. (common thyme, garden thyme or just ‘thyme’) is a bushy, woody-based evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves growing to 15-30 centimeter tall by 40 centimeter wide. It is native to Italy, France, Spain and Morocco. The thyme is widely cultivated as a spice and medicinal plant in the Mediterranean area, Europe and many other countries (1,2,6). In Europe and North America the plant sometimes escaped from cultivation and became naturalized (16).
Functions of Essential Oils and Natural Volatiles in Plant-Insect Interactions
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Thymol and carvacrol are not limited to the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris. Surveys of the EOs of other Thymus species, of related Origanum and other mint-family plants reveal a complex mosaic of terpenoid-dominated EOs from Portugal (Miguel et al., 2004; Figueiredo et al., 2008) to Turkey (Tümen et al., 1995; Bagci and Başer, 2005) and north to the Baltic Sea (Mockute and Bernotiene, 2001). Despite the low solubility of the phenolic terpenes in aqueous medium, thymol has been reported as a constituent of many floral nectars, including those of Thymus capitatus and T. serpyllum, which are important nectar sources for diverse bee groups across the Mediterranean region (Petanidou and Vokou, 1993; Petanidou and Smets, 1996), as well as the honey bee (Apis mellifera) and its associated honey industry (Alissandrakis et al., 2007; Karabagias et al., 2014). Recent research has focused on the non-caloric value that thymol, eugenol, and other EO substances might provide to bees foraging in diverse floral habitats, especially those infected with internal parasites. The antimicrobial potential of thymol was noted in earlier studies of the utility of T. vulgaris EO against a spectrum of microbial agents at low dosages (Hammer et al., 1999; Rota et al., 2008) and in reduction of infection by Nosema ceranae, a microsporidian fungal pathogen of honey bees, along with increased survivorship of bees fed a thymol syrup (Costa et al., 2010).
The Role of Herbal Medicines in Female Genital Infections
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ramasamy Harikrishnan, The Role of Phytoconstitutents in Health Care, 2020
Thymus vulgaris is highly recommended due to the therapeutic properties of its essential oils (thymol and carvacrol) that have antimicrobial activity against many pathogens. All parts of plants are used as medicine and in foods [25, 60]. Method of Use: 1–2 g dried thyme is infused in 150 ml hot water 90°C for ten minutes, and one cup is taken each night and rinse the vagina with the filtered and cooled thyme infusion for three times a day. One can also dilute a few drops of liquid extract in water and use it as a vaginal douche for 15 minutes in the evening before sleeping. The second method consists to reduce vaginal yeast infection by rinsing the vagina with a mixture of one teaspoon of sea salt, 5 drops of lavender essential oil and 5 drops of thyme essential oil [94].
Thermal, structural, antimicrobial, and physicochemical characterisation of thyme essential oil encapsulated in β- and γ-cyclodextrin
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Jasim Ahmed, Mehrajfatema Z. Mulla, Hassan Al-Attar, Shaikhah AlZuwayed, Mohammed Ejaz, Sarah Al-Jassar, Harsha Jacob, Linu Thomas, Noor Al-Ruwaih, Antony Joseph
Among essential oils, thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) oil, which is extracted from the leaves of T. vulgaris L. as such or its major compounds (e.g. thymol and carvacrol) has several applications in food (He et al. 2022), agriculture (Barros et al. 2022), packaging (Zhang et al. 2021), and pharmaceuticals (Garg et al. 2021). Most of the desired properties of thyme essential oil (TEO) have been attributed to the dominant presence of phenolic compounds, namely thymol, carvacrol, and paracymene (Purcell et al. 2016). Additionally, it has been reported that thymol and carvacrol in TEO have shown synergistic effects by acting as superior antimicrobial agents over pure thymol (Burt et al. 2005). Direct addition of TEO into the food matrix has shown many limitations, in particular, volatilisation and oxidation of active compounds when applied in the presence of light and oxygen (Carvalho et al. 2016, Yilmaztekin et al. 2019, Yang et al. 2021). In our earlier work on the development of EO-based packaging materials, it has been observed that the direct addition of EO to the polymer solution requires a large volume of oils (Ahmed et al. 2017, Ahmed et al. 2019, Ahmed et al. 2020), which significantly deteriorates the sensory characteristics of a food product. These limitations require a suitable process that can retain the desirable characteristics of EO in a suitable matrix.
Comparison of ultrastructural changes and the anticarcinogenic effects of thymol and carvacrol on ovarian cancer cells: which is more effective?
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2020
Hulya Elbe, Gurkan Yigitturk, Turker Cavusoglu, Tuba Baygar, Melike Ozgul Onal, Feral Ozturk
Extensive researches about biologically active compounds from essential oils have proven to be potential antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant agents.10 Accumulating data has revealed the anticarcinogenic activity of plant-derived monoterpenes.8,9 Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is a major phenolic compound that is present in the essential oils of various plants, including Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae).11,12 Several biological properties were reported for thymol that it has antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antispasmodic, wound healing and antioxidant effects. It is also an active compound for the inhibition of cancer cells.11–14 Thymol is a major phenolic compound present in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris.11,15
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) leaf extract modulates purinergic and cholinergic enzyme activities in the brain homogenate of 5-fluorouracil administered rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha, Sunday Idowu Oyeleye, Abimbola Akintemi, Bathlomew Maduka Okeke, Ganiyu Oboh
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris, Lamiacea) is an aromatic herb that is highly cultivated in many parts of the world, including Africa, and consume as spices and for medicinal/pharmacological purposes (Fachini Queiroz et al. 2012, Gavliakova et al. 2013, Javed et al. 2013, Quiroga et al. 2015, Komaki et al. 2016). As reported, thyme leaf is rich in many phytochemicals including polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids), biphenyl compounds and, most importantly, terpenes and terpenoids (Fachini Queiroz et al. 2012). Till now and to the best of our knowledge, there is no study/report, establishing its effects on some neuroactive enzymes/molecules such as purinergic and cholinergic enzymes as well as antioxidant status in the management chemobrain.