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Diseased States in Man and Other Vertebrates
Published in D. B. Keech, J. C. Wallace, Pyruvate Carboxylase, 2018
The primary biochemical defects in SNE have not been established. However, they may include an abnormality in the metabolism of thiamine triphosphate, and/or the reactions catalyzed by transketolase and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (summarized by Toshima et al.886 and Hansen et al.371).
Thiamin
Published in Judy A. Driskell, Ira Wolinsky, Sports Nutrition, 2005
Enas K. Al-Tamimi, Mark D. Haub
Thiamin is found in several forms, including thiamin monophospahate (TMP), thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP), which is also known as thiamin diphosphate, and thiamin triphosphate (TTP). Each of these forms has a specific physiological function, but only the roles of TPP are well established. Thiamin pyrophosphate, which is the active and most abundant form of thiamin in body tissues (about 80% of total thiamin), is the product of thiamin phosphorylation by thiamin diphosphotransferasein in brain and liver cells.10 Thiamin is necessary as a cofactor for the carbohydrate metabolic enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle (CAC), which catalyzes reactions as well as the transketolase catalyzes reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway.11
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Vitamin B1 plays a central role in energy metabolism and especially the metabolism of carbohydrates and sugars (3, 9, 33, 35–36). Therefore, excessive ingestion of sugar automatically increases the need for this vitamin. Thiamin is extremely important for the brain because it facilitates the use of glucose, thus ensuring the production of energy for brain (5). Vitamin B1 functions as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) in the metabolism of carbohydrates and branched-chain amino acids and is therefore essential to normal growth and normal function of the heart, nerves, and muscles (3, 9, 33, 35–36). It is used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which every cell of the body uses for energy. In addition, insufficient vitamin B1 decreases not only carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, but also the formation of acetylcholine for neural function. Therefore, vitamin B1 is necessary for the brain and nervous system (5). Thiamin diphosphate (also known as thiamin pyrophosphate) is the coenzyme for three oxidative decarboxylation reactions: pyruvate dehydrogenase in carbohydrate metabolism, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in the citric acid cycle, and the branched-chain keto-acid dehydrogenase involved in the metabolism of leucine, isoleucine, and valine (33). Thiamin pyrophosphate is also required for the decarboxylation of α-ketoglutarate in the Krebs citric acid cycle and in the transketolase reaction in the hexose monophosphate shunt (9). Thiamin triphosphate has a role in nerve conduction (33). Vitamin B1 deficiency causes damage to the brain’s thalamus and hypothalamus.
Vitamins: a nutritional intervention to modulate the Alzheimer’s disease progression
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Micronutrients can affect memory and cognitive functions by several mechanisms such as (1) the metabolism of norepinephrine and dopamine depends on vitamin B-complex (particularly B2, B6, and B12), nicotinamide, folic acid, and vitamin C. Some vitamins involve in the synthesis of other essential components such as biogenic amines, steroids, and amino acids.28 (2) Thiamine triphosphate, thiamine, and vitamin E are the neuronal membrane constituents that affect membrane-dependent properties and functioning such as action potential generation, signal transduction, and neuronal outgrowth. (3) Pyridoxine deficiency can change binding of several neurotransmitters including glycine and glutamate to their receptors. (4) Energy production in the brain is a highly regulated process which depended on a number of vitamins such as vitamin B-complex and vitamin C, since they are essential components in a series of energy-regulating processes like the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the respiratory chain, for production of adenosine triphosphate, ATP from glucose.28–30 The vitamins are the most essential part of nutrients for regulating several functions of the brain not only in physiological state but also in pathological states.
Mechanisms of action of vitamin B1 (thiamine), B6 (pyridoxine), and B12 (cobalamin) in pain: a narrative review
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
A. M. Paez-Hurtado, C. A. Calderon-Ospina, M. O. Nava-Mesa
An earlier study conducted by Itokawa and Cooper in rats revealed that vitamin B1 is involved in ionic transport through the cell membrane. It has been suggested that thiamine triphosphate (or thiamine pyrophosphate) binds to a specific site on the cellular membrane of nerve fibers that is a Na+ channel or is adjacent to it [69]. In addition, thiamine has shown to reduce capsaicin-induced calcium currents in cells which express TRPV1 receptors [70,71]. This receptor is a cation channel expressed in nociceptive neurons which mediate thermal and chemical noxious stimuli in peripheral tissues.