China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
In Ferrara, Italy, over a 65-month period before 2005, 50 patients affected by periorbital dermatitis while using topical ocular products were patch tested, including with their own ophthalmic medications. There was one reaction to eye drops containing pheniramine and tetrahydrozoline. The active ingredients were not tested separately, but contact allergy to the excipients and preservatives was excluded by patch testing (2).
Drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Nausea and vomiting, nervousness, irritability, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, dilated pupils, blurred vision, chills, pallor or cyanosis, fever, suicidal behavior, mania, opisthotonos, spasms, convulsions, pulmonary edema, gasping respiration, coma, and respiratory failure. A child died with convulsions, hyperthermia, tachycardia, and cardiac arrest after taking diethylpropion, 30 mg/kg. The blood pressure is markedly raised initially but may be below normal later with persistent anuria. Inhalation or injection of decomposed (pink) epinephrine will cause a psychosis-like state with hallucinations and morbid fears. Perivascular or subcutaneous injection of norepinephrine or other epinephrine substitutes causes cutaneous necrosis or slough. Naphazoline, and tetrahydrozoline can cause hypotension and central nervous system depression. Terbutaline given as a uterine relaxant in threatened abortion has caused maternal pulmonary edema when given with corticosteroids, and death of the fetus when given in 10 times the usual dose. Dopamine (Intropin) can increase cardiac irritability, with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and other arrhythmias, and can cause hypotension. Gangrene of the extremities has occurred after administration of dopamine. Intra-arterial injection of dopamine can cause severe pain, ischemia, and gangrene in the arterial distribution area.
Low‐dose brimonidine for relief of ocular redness: integrated analysis of four clinical trials
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2019
Stacey L Ackerman, Gail L Torkildsen, Eugene Mclaurin, Jason L Vittitow
Ocular redness, which commonly results from inflammation of the conjunctiva and associated dilation of the conjunctival vessels, has a number of potential aetiologic factors including allergy, infection, dry eye, exposure to environmental irritants, and contact lens wear.2010 Treatment should, whenever possible, be specific to the underlying cause (for example, antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for allergic conjunctivitis and topical antibiotics for bacterial conjunctivitis).2010 For ocular redness with no apparent underlying pathology, over‐the‐counter ocular vasoconstrictors (decongestants) may provide relief.2010 These agents produce vasoconstriction via agonist activity at α‐adrenergic receptors, but vary in their receptor binding profiles.2018 Phenylephrine and tetrahydrozoline exhibit relatively selective affinity for α1‐adrenergic receptors (selective α1‐receptor agonists) whereas naphazoline and oxymetazoline bind to both α1‐ and α2‐adrenergic receptors (mixed α1/α2‐receptor agonists).
Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Brimonidine Tartrate Ophthalmic Solution, 0.025% for Treatment of Ocular Redness
Published in Current Eye Research, 2018
Gail L. Torkildsen, Christine M. Sanfilippo, Heleen H. DeCory, Paul J. Gomes
Ocular redness, or hyperemia, is a common ophthalmic condition typically caused by inflammation of the conjunctiva due to allergy, exposure to environmental irritants, or as a reaction to infectious agents (e.g., bacteria, virus). Preferred treatment depends on the cause of redness.1,2 For instance, current agents used to treat allergic conjunctivitis include antihistamines and mast cell stabilizers. Topical vasoconstrictor agents (i.e. ocular decongestants) are commonly used to treat ocular redness, particularly non-allergic and non-infectious redness caused by minor eye irritations.1,2 Current over-the-counter (OTC) vasoconstrictors are α-adrenergic receptor (α-AR) agonists. These agents induce smooth muscle contraction and differ in their affinity for the α1- and α2- AR subtypes. Phenylephrine and tetrahydrozoline are considered selective α1-AR agonists,3 while naphazoline and oxymetazoline are considered mixed α1/α2- AR agonists.4
Brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution 0.025% for redness relief: an overview of safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
According to one report, ocular decongestants make up approximately 40% of unit sales of the over-the-counter eye-care market in the United States, which represents about $500-$700 million of sales annually [8]. First-generation ocular decongestants include phenylephrine, tetrahydrozoline, naphazoline, and oxymetazoline [9]. They have proven their short-term efficacy since the 1960s, but their long-term use has been limited by rebound redness and systemic side effects [10–12]. Second-generation ocular decongestants, apraclonidine, and clonidine, have subsequently been introduced, but they did not sufficiently reduce adverse events of the antecedent decongestants (Table 1) [13].