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Analysis Update—Full Spectrum Cannabis
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Robert Clifford, Scott Kuzdzal, Paul Winkler, Will Bankert
Juiced or raw cannabis30 is considered a superfood. In fact, the author considers raw cannabis the new kale. Raw cannabis doesn’t contain the psychoactive form of delta-9-THC (called the neutral form) because the plants produce the non-psychoactive form, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), referred to as the acid form. Only after heating or other oxidative processes does THCA become THC, a process called decarboxylation. Therefore, eating raw cannabis is for people wanting the health benefits, not the “high.” Studies show the consumption or raw cannabis has better medical benefits for fibromyalgia, bowel cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases than any other food. Raw cannabis contains essential amino acids, which can repair damaged cells, transport nutrients, and maintain cell structure. Raw cannabis contains antioxidants and the neuroprotective powers of CBD. Like green leafy food, cannabis contains vitamins such as folate, iron, calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin K, similar to terpenes. It is recommended to add a few raw cannabis leaves to your next salad.
Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Pulok K. Mukherjee, Natural Medicines, 2019
In fresh plant material, these cannabinoids all exist in the cannabinoid acid forms, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). As the plant material ages or is heated, the acid molecules lose carboxyl moiety. Decarboxylation results in the conversion of the cannabinoid acids into their neutral forms (e.g. CBDA→CBD).
Cannabis testing: Taking a closer look
Published in Betty Wedman-St. Louis, Cannabis, 2018
Scott Kuzdzal, Robert Clifford, Paul Winkler, Will Bankert
Smoking is an expedient method of consuming marijuana, but some experts argue that smoking can cause lung and respiratory problems and reduce bioavailability of some constituents. Marijuana plants naturally contain the acid forms of THC and CBD, known as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabidiolic acid (CBDA). During smoking, heat converts THCA and CBDA into their more potent, nonacid forms, THC and CBD. This is referred to as decarboxylation.
Cannabis-like activity of Zornia latifolia Sm. detected in vitro on rat cortical neurons: major role of the flavone syzalterin
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Susanna Alloisio, Marco Clericuzio, Mario Nobile, Annalisa Salis, Gianluca Damonte, Claudia Canali, Ana Paula Fortuna-Perez, Laura Cornara, Bruno Burlando
We were recently provided with true specimens of Z. latifolia from Brazil, and carried out a phytochemical investigation of its alcoholic extract. The extract contained large amounts of flavonoids, viz. luteolin, apigenin and genistein, both as di-glycosides and free aglycones. On the other hand, no trace of alkaloids, THC, or its precursor Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) could be found (Igwe et al. 2001, Cornara et al. 2018). In the present study, we extracted Z. latifolia dried material as previously reported (Cornara et al. 2018), and tested its effects on cultured networks of rat cortical neurons by using multielectrode arrays (MEA). Selected bioactive fractions were compared with the activity of hashish drug from a high-THC Cannabis sativa strain, seized and made available by the Police Department of Genova, Italy.
Cannabis and the Cornea
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Cannabinoids adhere to cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors in order to generate different reactions. There are many varieties of cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC). tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) and cannabinol (CBN).
Cannabis and cannabinoid drug development: evaluating botanical versus single molecule approaches
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2018
Marcel O. Bonn-Miller, Mahmoud A. ElSohly, Mallory J. E. Loflin, Suman Chandra, Ryan Vandrey
This section provides an important background with respect to important definitions, nomenclature, and pharmacology that will be referenced later. The cannabis plant has been shown to be chemically rich, with 565 known constituents belonging to 23 classes of compounds (ElSohly & Gul 2014; ElSohly & Slade, 2005; Radwan, Wanas, Chandra, & ElSohly. 2017). Perhaps the most recognized class of compounds in cannabis are the namesake cannabinoids. At the time of this writing, 120 different phytocannabinoids, plant-derived molecules unique to cannabis, have been identified in the cannabis plant, many of which directly modulate the endogenous cannabinoid system. These naturally occurring cannabinoids are distributed among 10 sub-classes, including Δ9- and Δ8-THC, cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), Cannabinodiol (CBND), cannabielsoin (CBE), cannabicyclol (CBL), cannabitriol (CBT), and miscellaneous type (30 known). THC is produced as an acid (Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ9-THCA) in the glandular trichomes of the leaves and inflorescence bracts of the plant and undergoes decarboxylation with age or heating to form Δ9-THC (Turner, ElSohly, & Boeren, 1980). THC is typically the most abundant chemical constituent of the cannabis flower, and is by far the most studied and well-understood cannabinoid. However, cannabinoids are not the only active components of cannabis. Other constituents that might contribute in some way to the effects of cannabis include Terpenes (120 known); Nitrogenous compounds (33 known); Amino acids (18 known); Proteins, enzymes, and glycoproteins (11); Sugars and related compounds (34); Hydrocarbons (50 known); Simple alcohols (7 known); Simple aldehydes (12 known); Simple ketones (13 known); Simple acids (20 known); Fatty acids (27 known); Simple esters and lactones (13 known); Steroids (15 known); Non-cannabinoid phenols (25 known); Flavonoids (27 known); Vitamins (1 known); Pigments (2 known); Elements (9 known); Phenanthrenes (4 known); Spiroindans (2 known); Xanthones (1 known), and Biphenyls (1 known).