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Inhalational Durg Abuse
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard Rowley, Herbert D. Kleber, Peter Jatlow
Hashish is a more refined preparation from the Cannabis sativa plant with 5-10 times more tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) per weight than marijuana (Pillard, 1970; Henderson et al., 1972). The active ingredients in the hemp plant are concentrated in the resin at the flowering top of the plant, and hashish is prepared by scraping this resin from the plant. This refined product is usually marketed in small compressed briquets and smoked with a pipe. The hashish is shaved from the briquet into the pipe bowl; a small piece of screen is placed in the bottom of the bowl to prevent the inhalation of burning and irritating particles (Tennant et al., 1971). Corrected for differences in potency, the physiological and psychological effects of hashish are essentially identical to those of marijuana.
Consciousness, Sleep and Hypnosis, Meditation, and Psychoactive Drugs
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The cannabis plant has been cultivated since ancient times for its psychoactive properties. It creates a high feeling, cognitive and motor impairment, and sometimes hallucinations. The dried leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds are used to produce marijuana, while the resin of the plant is used to produce hashish. Marijuana and hashish are usually smoked but may be taken orally, mixed with tea or food. The active ingredient in both substances is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). When marijuana is smoked, THC reaches the brain in less than 30 seconds. Low doses of THC (5–10 milligrams) typically produce a sense of well-being, mild euphoria, and a dreamy state of relaxation. At high doses (30–70 milligrams), marijuana may produce sensory distortions that resemble those of hallucinogenic drugs.
Neuropathology of Drugs of Dependence
Published in S.J. Mulé, Henry Brill, Chemical and Biological Aspects of Drug Dependence, 2019
L. Roizin, M. Halpern, M. M. Baden, M. Kaufman, S. Hashimoto, J. C. Liu, B. Eisenberg
(THC) is the principal component of cannabis sativa (hemp plant). Hashish is derived from the flowering top of the female plant and the marijuana consists of chopped plant material. To some extent, these drugs resemble alcohol as well as LSD.69,70
Underreporting of past-year cannabis use on a national survey by people who smoke blunts
Published in Substance Abuse, 2022
Austin Le, Benjamin H. Han, Joseph J. Palamar
For cannabis use, participants were asked whether they had used marijuana or hashish (cannabis) in the past 12 months. It was explained that marijuana is also called pot or grass, and that it is usually smoked (in cigarettes called joints or in a pipe) and that it is sometimes cooked in food.25 It was further explained that hashish is a form of cannabis also called hash, which is typically smoked in a pipe. They were also reminded that another form of hashish is hash oil. This question did not, however, ask specifically about blunt use. Later in the survey, participants were asked about past-year use of blunts, which was defined as when someone takes some tobacco out of a cigar and replaces it with marijuana. Since questions about blunts did not stem directly from the general cannabis use questions, some responses could be discordant or contradictory (i.e., self-reported blunt use without earlier reported use of cannabis). We created a variable indicating whether a discordant response was provided. Specifically, we created a binary variable indicating who reported blunt use but did not report cannabis use compared to those who reported cannabis use and did not provide a discordant response. We also created a variable indicating reported cannabis use or blunt use in order for us to provide a corrected estimate of use.
Using measured cannabidiol and tetrahydrocannabinol metabolites in urine to differentiate marijuana use from consumption of commercial cannabidiol products
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Melissa M. Goggin, Gregory C. Janis
There are approximately 150 cannabinoids present in Cannabis sativa [1]; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most researched cannabinoids and the cannabinoids best-known to the general population. While popular opinions of recreational marijuana and medicinal marijuana have dramatically shifted over the past decade; marijuana remains illegal under federal law and remains targeted as an illicit drug of abuse in many drug testing programs. Urine-based drug testing specifically targets the primary urinary metabolite of THC, 11-nor-carboxy-Δ9-THC (11-COOH-THC) as a definitive biomarker of marijuana or marijuana derived products such as hashish, concentrated THC vape products, or THC-containing edible products. Other cannabinoids, including CBD, typically are not targeted in urine drug testing.
Cannabis use among a sample of adult male Jordanian inmates: use, consequences and associated factors
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2021
Sukaina Alzyoud, Ali Shotar, Kaveh Khoshnood
Cannabis derives from the Cannabis sativa plant, which has the psychoactive ingredient delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Greydanus et al., 2013). The part of the plant that contains the highest content of THC is the flowering tops of the female cannabis plant (UNODC, 2018). The UNODC (2018) reported that marijuana, which consists of the dried flowering tops and leaves of the plant, contains a range of 2% to 20% of THC. Marijuana is typically rolled into a marijuana cigarette (joint) (Greydanus et al., 2013; WHO, 2015). Hashish, which consists a purified and compressed form of dried cannabis resin and the compressed flowers typically taken from the underside of the Cannabis sativa leaves, contains a range of 2% to 20% THC. It is mainly produced in North Africa, the Middle East and Southwest Asia (Seshata, 2014; WHO, 2015).